THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY jUN L-; HOV13 '358 BOTANICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893 VOLUME XVI THE GENUS BIDENS PART I BY EARL EDWARD SHERFF RESEARCH ASSOCIATE IN SYSTEMATIC BOTANY B. E. DAHLGREN CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY EDITOR THE LIBRARY OF THE OCT8-1937 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PUBLICATION 388 CHICAGO, U.S.A. AUGUST 31, 1937 BOTANICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893 VOLUME XVI THE GENUS BIDENS PART I THE LIBRARY OF THE OCT8-1937 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS BY EARL EDWARD SHERFF RESEARCH ASSOCIATE IN SYSTEMATIC BOTANY B. E. DAHLGBEN CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OP BOTANY EMTOR PUBLICATION 388 CHICAGO, U.S.A. AUGUST 31, 1937 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS 580.5 FB CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 5 PREFACE 11 HISTORICAL SURVEY OF GENUS BIDENS 17 MORPHOLOGY, HISTOLOGY, CYTOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND OTHER SPECIAL LINES OF INQUIRY 25 DESCRIPTION OF GENUS BIDENS 29 SYNOPSIS OF SECTIONS 30 KEY (C LA vis) Plants Native to Islands of Central Pacific Ocean 33 Plants Growing in North and Central America and in the West Indies ... 45 Plants of South America 55 Plants of the Eastern Hemisphere, excluding Africa 59 Plants of Africa 60 ABBREVIATIONS USED FOR HERBARIA CITED 71 DESCRIPTIONS 73 NAMES TO BE EXCLUDED FROM BIDENS 633 ADDENDA 645 NAMES OF UNCERTAIN STATUS (INCERTAE SEDIS) 646 INDEX OF COLLECTORS CITED 649 GENERAL INDEX . 693 1 056907 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES FACING PAGE I. Bidens polycephala Schz. Bip. (figs, a-h) 80 Bidens Ahnnei Sherff (figs, i-p) , 80 II. Bideiis Jardinii Schz. Bip 82 III. Bidens Lantanoides Gray (figs, a-g) 84 Bidens cordifolia Schz. Bip. (figs, h-n) 84 IV. Bidens australis Spreng 86 V. Bidens Mathewsii Sherff 90 VI. Bidens Henryi Sherff (figs, a-i) 92 Bidens pulchella (Less.) Schz. Bip. (figs, j-p) 92 VII. Bidens glabrata (Gray) Sherff. ..'.... 94 VIII. Bidens liawaiensis Gray 96 IX. Bidens distans Sherff 98 X. Bidens micrantha Gaud. (figs, a-h) 100 Bidens Degeneri Sherff (figs, i-o) 100 XI. Bidens asymmetrica (Levl.) Sherff 102 XII. Bidens asymmetrica (Levl.) Sherff (figs, a-i) 106 Bidens cuneata Sherff (figs, j-p) 106 XIII. Bidens torta Sherff (figs, a-g) 108 Bidens cervicata Sherff (figs, h-p) 108 XIV. Bidens graciloides Sherff (figs, a-g) 110 Bidens waianensis Sherff (figs, h-p) 110 XV. Bidens ctenophylla Sherff 112 XVI. Bidens ctenophylla Sherff 114 XVII. Bidens macrocarpa (Gray) Sherff (figs, a-i) 116 Bidens magnidisca Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff (figs, j-l) 116 XVIII. Bidens micranthoides Sherff 118 XIX. Bidens Asplenioides Sherff (figs, a-/) 122 Bidens Stokesii Sherff (figs, g-o) 122 XX. Bidens Populifolia Sherff 124 XXI. Bidens Skottsbergii Sherff 126 XXII. Bidens obtusiloba Sherff 128 XXIII. Bidens sandvicensis Less. (figs, a-h) 130 Bidens waimeana Sherff (figs, i-o) 130 XXIV. Bidens conjuncta Sherff (figs, a-h) 132 Bidens fulvescens Sherff (figs, i-o) 132 XXV. Bidens Wiebkei Sherff 134 XXVI. Bidens coartata Sherff 138 XXVII. Bidens Salicoides Sherff 140 XXVIII. Bidens Forbesii Sherff 142 XXIX. Bidens fulvescens Sherff 144 XXX. Bidens Campylotheca Schz. Bip 146 XXXI. Bidens valida Sherff 148 XXXII. Bidens amplectens Sherff 150 XXXIII. Bidens sandvicensis var. setosa Sherff (figs, a-l) 154 Bidens Bipontina Sherff (figs, m, n) 154 Bidens Menziesii (Gray) Sherff (figs, o, q-v) and var. filiformis Sherff (fig. p) 154 5 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XXXIV. Bidens Hillebrandiana (Dr. del Cast.) Deg. ex Sherff 156 XXXV. Bidens mauiensis (Gray) Sherff (figs, a, e); var. cuneatoides Sherff (figs, b-d, f-o) 158 XXXVI. Bidens molokaiensis (Hillebr.) Sherff 160 XXXVII. Bidens Cosmoides (Gray) Sherff 162 XXXVIII. Bidens darendonensis Britt 164 XXXIX. Bidens monticola Poepp. & Endlich 166 XL. Bidens reptans (L.) G. Don 170 XLI. Bidens reptans var. Urbanii (Greenm.) 0. E. Schulz 172 XLII. Bidens reptans var. Urbanii (Greenm.) 0. E. Schulz (figs, a-h) ; var. dissecta O. E. Schulz (figs, i-s) 174 XLIII. Bidens incisa (Ker) G. Don 176 XLIV. Bidens squarrosa H.B.K 178 XLV. Bidens squarrosa H.B.K. (figs, a-g) 180 Bidens Vincaefolia Karst. & Schz. Bip. ex Sherff (figs, h-m) 180 XLVI. Bidens Rubifolia H.B.K 182 XLVII. Bidens simplicifolia C. H. Wright 186 XLVIII. Bidens urophylla Sherff 188 XLIX. Bidens segetum Mart, ex Colla 190 L. Bidens segetum Mart, ex Colla 192 LI. Bidens segetum var. patula (Gardn.) Sherff 194 LII. Bidens Shrevei Britt 196 LIII. Bidens Holwayi Blake & Sherff 204 LIV. Bidens graveolens Mart 206 LV. Bidens fistulosa Schz. Bip. ex Baker 212 LVI. Bidens Bidentoides (Nutt.) Britt 220 LVII. Bidens Eatonii Fern. (figs, a-/); var. fallax Fern. (fig. g) 224 LVIII. Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britt. (fig. h); var. mutica Gray ex Gatting. (figs, a-g); var. Fritcheyi Fern. (fig. i) 228 Bidens polylepis Blake (figs, k-r); var. retrorsa Sherff (fig. s) 228 LIX. Bidens mitis (Michx.) Sherff (figs, a-l) 236 Bidens coronata (L.) Britt. (figs, m, p-u);var. tenuiloba (Gray) Sherff (figs, n, o) 236 LX. Bidens Oerstediana Sherff 240 LXI. Bidens discoidea (Torr. & Gr.) Britt 242 LXII. Bidens frondosa L. (figs, a, c-h); var. anomala Port, ex Fern. (fig. i); var. stenodonta Fern. & St. J. (fig. 6) 244 LXIII. Bidens vulgata Greene (figs, a, c-h); var. schizantha Lunell (fig. b) 252 LXIV. Bidens comosa (Gray) Wieg 254 LXV. Bidens connata Muhl. ex Willd. (fig. d); var. anomala Farwell (fig. k); var. petiolata (Nutt.) Farw. (figs, a, f-j); var. pinnata Wats. (fig. e); var. fallax (Warnst.) Sherff (figs. b, c) 258 LXVI. Bidens heterodoxa Fern. & St. J. (figs, a, c-g); var. orthodoxa Fern. (figs. 6, h) 260 LXVII. Bidens tripartita L. (figs, a, b, d-i); var. cernuaefolia Sherff (fig. c) 262 LXVIII. Bidens tripartita var. repens (D. Don) Sherff (figs, a-/) 266 Bidens lineariloba Oliv. (figs, g-o) 266 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS LXIX. Bidens radiata Thuill. (figs, a-g) 268 Bidens tripartite var. orientalis (Velen.) Sherff (figs, h-ri) . . 268 LXX. Bidens tripartita var. hirta (Jord.) Sherff 270 LXXI. Bidens amplissima Greene 272 LXXII. Bidens cernua L. (figs, a, d-k); var. oligodonta Fern. & St. J. (figs. 6, c) 276 LXXIII. Bidens laevis (L.) B.S.P 284 LXXIV. Bidens hyperborea Greene (figs, b, d, f, h, j, 1) ; var. gaspensis Fern. (figs, a, c, e, g, i, k, m) 288 LXXV. Bidens diversa Sherff (figs, a, 6, d-i); var. megaglossa Sherff (fig. c) 290 LXXVI. Bidens Schaffneri (Gray) Sherff 292 LXXVII. Bidens Ferulaefolia (Jacq.) DC 300 LXXVIII. Bidens Ferulaefolia var. Foeniculaefolia (DC.) Sherff (figs. a-i); var. ludens (Gray) Sherff (figs. /-) 302 LXXIX. Bidens Townsendii Sherff 304 LXXX. Bidens aurea (Ait.) Sherff 306 LXXXI. Bidens integrifolia Brandeg 308 LXXXII. Bidens amphicarpa Sherff (figs, a-i) 316 Bidens oligocarpa Sherff (figs, j-l) 316 LXXXIII. Bidens oligantJia Brandeg. (figs, a-h) 318 Bidens Anthriscoides DC. (figs, i-q) 318 LXXXIV. Bidens Anthemoides (DC.) Sherff (figs, a-j) 320 Bidens Andrei Sherff (figs, fc-s) 320 LXXXV. Bidens Chrysanthemifolia (H.B.K.) Sherff 322 LXXXVI. Bidens mollifolia Sherff 324 LXXXVII. Bidens Abadiae DC. (figs, a, c-i); var. pilosoides Sherff (fig. 6) 332 LXXXVIII. Bidens Brandegeei Sherff (figs, a-k) 334 Bidens canescens Bertol. (figs, l-s) 334 LXXXIX. Bidens Bigelovii Gray (figs, a-k) 348 Bidens bipinnata L. (figs, l-s) 348 XC. Bidens leptocephala Sherff 350 XCI. Bidens Engleri O. E. Schulz (figs, a-f) 354 Bidens cylindrica Sherff (figs. 0-0 354 XCII. Bidens pseudalausensis Sherff (figs, a-g) 356 Bidens cornuta Sherff (figs, h-n) 356 XCIII. Bidens tenuisecta Gray 362 XCIV. Bidens paupercula Sherff 364 XCV. Bidens Pringlei Greenm. (figs, a-h) 366 Bidens heterosperma Gray (figs, i-o) 366 XCVI. Bidens exigua Sherff (figs, a-i) 370 Bidens duranginensis Sherff (figs, j-q) 370 XCVII. Bidens parviflora Willd. (figs, a-g) , 372 Bidens Lemmonii Gray (figs, h-n) 372 XCVIII. Bidens capillifolia Sherff 374 XCIX. Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merrill & Sherff (figs, a, c-m) 376 Bidens pilosa L. (fig. 6) 376 C. Bidens biternata var. glabrata f. abyssinica (Schz. Bip.) Sherff 378 CI. Bidens andicola var. Cosmanlha f. Buchtienii Sherff (figs, a-g) 380 Bidens pseudocosmos Sherff (figs, h-n) 380 8 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS CII. Bidens pilosa L. (figs, a, b, e-j) ; var. minor (Bl.) Sherff (figs, c, d, k-r) 382 CIII. Bidens pilosa var. radiata Schz. Bip. (figs, a-h) 386 Bidens tenera O. E. Schulz (figs, i-o) 386 CIV. Bidens pilosa var. bimucronata (Turcz.) O. E. Schulz (figs, a-i) 388 Bidens acuticaulis Sherff (figs, j-r) 388 CV. Bidens pilosa var. bimucronata f. odorata (Cav.) Sherff 390 CVI. Bidens pilosa var. bimucronata f. odorata (Cav.) Sherff (figs. a-h); var. alausensis (H.B.K.) Sherff (figs, i-o) 392 CVII. Bidens pilosa var. alausensis f. Scandicina (H.B.K.) Sherff 394 CVIII. Bidens pilosa var. calcicola (Greenm.) Sherff 396 CIX. Bidens pilosa var. calcicola (Greenm.) Sherff (figs, a, c-j); f . dissecta Sherff (fig. b) 398 Bidens aequisquama (Fern.) Sherff (figs, k-t) 398 CX. Bidens subalternans DC 402 CXI. Bidens domingensis 0. E. Schulz 404 CXII. Bidens Malmei Sherff 406 CXIII. Bidens Cynapiifolia H.B.K 408 CXIV. Bidens riparia H.B.K. (figs, i-p); var. refracta (Brandeg.) O. E. Schulz (figs, a-h) 410 CXV. Bidens Sambucifolia Cav 412 CXVI. Bidens Gardneri Baker 414 CXVII. Bidens flagellaris Baker 418 CXVIII. Bidens nudata Brandeg 420 CXIX. Bidens brasiliensis Sherff .422 CXX. Bidens Riedelii Baker (figs, a-k) ; var. Hassleriana Chod. (fig. I) 424 CXXI. Bidens Chodati Hassl 426 CXXII. Bidens angustissima H.B.K. (figs, h-m); var. Linifolia (Schz. Bip. ex Klatt) Sherff (figs, a-g) 428 CXXIII. Bidens andicola H.B.K. (figs, a-d, h-p)', var. Cosmantha (Griseb.) Sherff (fig. e); var. decomposita O. Ktze. (figs. /, g) 430 CXXIV. Bidens andicola var. Cosmantha (Griseb.) Sherff 434 CXX V. Bidens microphylla Sherff 436 CXXVI. Bidens triplinervia H.B.K. (figs, j, k); var. macrantha (Wedd.) Sherff (figs, a-i, l-v) 438 CXXVII. Bidens triplinervia var. hirtella (H.B.K.) Sherff 440 CXXVIII. Bidens triplinervia var. macrantha (Wedd.) Sherff (figs, j-p); var. mollis (Poepp. & Endlich.) Sherff (figs, a-i) 442 CXXIX. Bidens serrulata (Poir.) Desf 444 CXXX. Bidens chiapensis Brandeg. (figs, a-i) 446 Bidens Geraniifolia Brandeg. (figs, j-o) 446 CXXXI. Bidens Ostruthioides (DC.) Schz. Bip 450 CXXXH. Bidens Ostruthioides var. costaricensis (Benth. ex Oerst.) Sherff 452 CXXXIII. Bidens bicolor Greenm 454 CXXXIV. Bidens Holstii (O. Hoffm.) Sherff 456 CXXXV. Bidens Holstii var. rupestris Sherff 458 CXXXVI. Bidens kamerunensis Sherff 460 CXXXVII. Bidens Grantii var. Stapfii Sherff (figs, a-i) 462 Bidens Steppia (Steetz) Sherff (figs, j-r) .462 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS CXXXVIII. cxxxix. CXL. CXLI. CXLII. CXLIII. CXLIV. CXLV. CXLVI. CXLVII. CXLVIII. CXLIX. CL. CLI. CLII. CLIII. CLIV. CLV. CLVI. CLVII. CLVIII. CLIX. CLX. CLXI. CLXII. CLXIII. CLXIV. CLXV. CLXVI. CLXVII. CLXVIII. CLXIX. CLXX. Bidens rufovenosa Sherff (figs, a-i) 466 Bidens leptolepis Sherff (figs, j-p) 466 Bidens asperata (Hutch. & Dalz.) Sherff 468 Bidens urceolata DeWild. (figs, a-g) 470 Bidens rubra DeWild. (figs, h-o) 470 Bidens taitensis Sherff 472 Bidens Fischeri (O. Hoffm.) Sherff (figs, a-h) 474 Bidens Schimperi Schz. Bip. ex Walp. (figs, i-q) 474 Bidens Schimperi Schz. Bip. ex Walp 476 Bidens Schimperi Schz. Bip. ex Walp. (forms) 478 Bidens Kirkii (Oliv. & Hiern) Sherff 482 Bidens musoziana Sherff 484 Bidens Mossii Sherff 486 Bidens Whytei Sherff (figs, a-g) 488 Bidens ambigua S. L. Moore (figs, h-m) 488 Bidens microcarpa Sherff (figs, a-h) 490 Bidens gracilior (0. Hoffm.) Sherff (figs, i-p) 490 Bidens palustris Sherff (figs, a-g) 492 Bidens Taylori (S. L. Moore) Sherff (figs, h-o) 492 Bidens Schlechteri Sherff (figs, a-i) 494 Bidens Hoffmannii Sherff (figs, j-p) 494 Bidens Mildbraedii Sherff 498 Bidens Bequaertii DeWild 500 Bidens Hildebrandtii 0. Hoffm 502 Bidens magnifolia Sherff 504 Bidens Phalangiphylla Sherff (figs, a-h) 506 Bidens Elliotii (S. L. Moore) Sherff (figs, i-p) 506 Bidens insecta (S. L. Moore) Sherff 508 Bidens robustior S. L. Moore 510 Bidens ugandensis (S. L. Moore) Sherff 514 Bidens cinerea Sherff 516 Bidens crocea Welw. ex O. Hoffm. (figs, a-g); var. verrucifera S. L. Moore (fig. h) 518 Bidens flabellata 0. Hoffm 520 Bidens Baumii (0. Hoffm.) Sherff 522 Bidens Moorei Sherff (figs, a-g) ; var. verrucosa Sherff (figs, h, i) 524 Bidens andongensis Hiern 532 Bidens Buchneri (Klatt) Sherff 534 Bidens somaliensis Sherff 540 Bidens Seretii (DeWild.) Sherff 548 Bidens Stuhlmannii (O. Hoffm.) Sherff 552 Bidens ukambensis S. L. Moore (figs, a-i) 556 Bidens rhodesiana Sherff (figs, j-p) 556 Bidens grandis Sherff 564 Bidens coriacea (O. Hoffm.) Sherff 568 Bidens Crataegifolia (0. Hoffm.) Sherff 572 Bidens kilimandscharica (O. Hoffm.) Sherff 574 Bidens Volkensii O. Hoffm 578 Bidens lineata Sherff 580 Bidens Schweinfurthii Sherff 584 10 CLXXVIII. Bidens nyikensis Sherff 586 CLXXIX. Bidens Rogersii Sherff 588 CLXXX. Bidens chaetodonta Sherff (figs, a, c-t); var. glabrior (O. & H. in Oliv.) Sherff (fig. 6) 596 CLXXXI. Bidens Rueppellii (Schz. Bip.) Sherff 598 CLXXXII. Bidens Vatkei Sherff , 600 CLXXXIII. Bidens rotata Sherff 602 CLXXXIV. Bidens Cirsioides Sherff 604 CLXXXV. Bidens Dielsii Sherff 612 CLXXXVI. Bidens Neumannii Sherff 614 CLXXXVII. Bidens ternata (Chiov.) Sherff 616 CLXXXVIII. Bidens setigera (Schz. Bip.) Sherff (figs, j, k); var. abyssinica (Schz. Bip.) Sherff (figs, a-i) 620 Bidens praecox Sherff (fig. 1) 620 CLXXXIX. Bidens setigeroides Sherff (figs, a-t) 628 Bidens phelloptera Sherff (figs, j-s) 628 PREFACE It is now a quarter of a century since the work detailed in the following pages was begun. 1 The genus Bidens was suggested at that time by Dr. Jesse More Greenman as deserving of monographic study (c/. my Revision of the Genus Coreopsis, Field Mus. Bot. Ser. 11 : 279. 1936). Numerous facilities for research and publication were at once granted by the Department of Botany of the University of Chicago and by the Department of Botany of the Field Museum of Natural History. Subsequently, many other institutions of learning and many individuals throughout the world extended assist- ance of the most helpful kind. Indeed, it is certain that without their cooperation my studies could never have been advanced to a reasonable degree of completion. The genus Bidens was so closely intertwined in botanical litera- ture with Coreopsis, Cosmos, Coreocarpus, Megalodonta, Dahlia, Isostigma, Heterosperma, Thelesperma, and certain other genera of Compositae, that it became necessary in many cases to make a truly monographic study of these allied genera before attempting to progress further in the treatment of Bidens itself. This has occa- sioned considerable delay in the consummation of the present work but has permitted the writing of several other revisional texts which it is hoped will be of compensating value. It is exceedingly difficult in a work of this kind to describe properly or to acknowledge completely the innumerable bits of aid received over so long a time as twenty-five years. Several botanists and collectors have personally journeyed to distant and often almost inaccessible places to secure specimens for my studies. Various teachers of botany have enlisted the aid of their more advanced students to secure a large assemblage of materials. Most of the world's larger museums and herbaria have lent their entire collec- tions of Bidens and related genera or have placed at my disposal every desired facility when I sojourned with them for herbarium or library study. One foreign institution even went so far during the troublous times of the World War as to cut the sheets of type or other valuable specimens into halves and transmit one half for the delineation of my illustrative plates. In various articles already 1 At the University of Chicago, where the first stages were completed in the graduate department. Some of the earliest findings were embodied in a paper (Studies in the genus Bidens III, Bot. Gaz. 61: 495. 1916) which was accepted by that institution as a thesis for the Doctor of Philosophy degree. 11 12 PREFACE published, some of this assistance has been acknowledged. At this time, however, I would express my indebtedness and gratitude to the staffs of all the many cooperating institutions and especially to the following individuals: Dr. Charles Sprague Sargent (deceased), former Director, and Miss Ethelyn Tucker, Librarian, Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University; Dr. Adolph Engler (deceased), former Director, Dr. Ludwig Diels, present Director, Dr. Robert Pilger, Associate Director, and Dr. Johannes Mattfeld, Curator, Botanical Garden of Berlin; Dr. Herbert E. Gregory, former Director, Dr. Peter Buck, present Director, Mr. Charles Noyes Forbes (de- ceased), former Curator of Botany, Mr. Edwin H. Bryan, Jr., Curator of Collections, Dr. Harold St. John and Mr. Francis Raymond Fosberg, members of the Mangarevan Expedition of, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum; Dr. Robert Chodat (deceased), former Director, Institute of Botany of the University of Geneva and Boissier Her- barium; Dr. Alfred Barton Rendle, former Keeper of Botany, Dr. John Ramsbottom, present Keeper of Botany, and Mr. Spencer Le Marchant Moore (deceased; for many years affiliated with), British Museum of Natural History; Dr. Otto Buchtien, formerly in charge of the Buchtien Herbarium, La Paz, Bolivia; Dr. Emile DeWildeman, former Director, Dr. Walter Robyns, present Director, and Dr. P. Staner (until recently Attache at the Museum of the Belgian Congo at Tervueren but now on the staff of), National Botanical Garden at Brussels; Dr. Harvey Monroe Hall (deceased), former Professor of Botany, and Dr. Willis Linn Jepson, Professor of Botany, University of California; Mr. James Melville Macoun (deceased), former Curator, Herbarium of Canadian Geological Survey; Dr. Otto Emery Jennings, Curator of Botany, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh; Dr. John Merle Coulter (deceased), former Head of Department of Botany, University of Chicago; Dr. Alexander Borza, Director, Institute for Systematic Botany at the University of Cluj; Dr. Carl Christensen, Curator of the Botanical Museum, University of Copenhagen; Dr. Willard Winfield Rowlee (deceased), former Professor of Botany, Dr. Liberty Hyde Bailey, former Pro- fessor of Horticulture, and Dr. Karl McKay Wiegand, Professor of Botany, Cornell University; Mr. Charles Clemon Deam, formerly owner and custodian of the Deam Herbarium; Mr. Otto Degener, author of the New Flora of the Hawaiian Islands, owner and custo- dian of the Degener Herbarium; Dr. Casimir DeCandolle (deceased), formerly in charge of the DeCandollean Prodromus Herbarium, Dr. John Isaac Briquet (deceased), former Director, and Dr. Benedict PREFACE 13 Pierre Georges Hochreutiner, present Director, Delessert Herbarium ; Dr. Fritz Knoll, former Director, Botanical Institute of the German University of Prague; Dr. Enrico Carano, former Director, Dr. Giovanni Negri, present Director, and Dr. Renato Pampanini, former Adjutante and Conservator, Institute of Botany of the University of Florence; Dr. Carl Skottsberg, Director, Gothenburg (Gb'teborg) Arboretum; Dr. Benjamin Lincoln Robinson (deceased), former Curator, Dr. Merritt Lyndon Fernald, present Curator, Mr. Charles A. Weatherby, Assistant Curator, Miss Mary Ann Day (deceased), former Librarian, and Miss Ruth D. Sanderson, present Librarian, Gray Herbarium, Harvard University; Dr. Edward Lee Greene (deceased), former owner and custodian, and Dr. Julius A. Nieuwland (deceased), former Curator, E. L. Greene Herbarium; Sir David Prain, former Director, Sir Arthur W. Hill, present Director, Dr. Otto Stapf (deceased), former Keeper of Herbarium, Mr. Arthur Disbrowe Cotton, present Keeper of Herbarium, and Miss M. L. Green, Botanist, Royal Botanical Gardens of Kew; Professor Siro Kitamura, Imperial University, Kioto; Dr. J. W. C. Goethart, Conservator, National Herbarium (Herb. Rijks), Leyden; Dr. Benjamin Daydon Jackson (deceased), former General Secretary, Linnean Society of London; Dr. Wilhelm Ruhland, Director, Botanical Institute of the University of Leipsic; Dr. Carl Otto Rosendahl, Chairman of Department of Botany, Dr. Martin Lawrence Grant, recently Assistant in Botany, and Dr. John William Moore, Curator of Herbarium, University of Minnesota; Dr. George Thomas Moore, Director, Mr. Moses Craig (deceased), former Curator of Herbarium, and Dr. Jesse More Greenman, present Curator of Herbarium, Missouri Botanical Garden; Dr. Karl Eberhard Goebel (deceased), former Conservator of the Royal Botanical Garden, and Dr. Hermann Ross, Chief Conservator of the Botanical Museum, Munich; Dr. Edwin Bayer, Director of Department of Botany, National Museum, Prague; Dr. Karel Domin, Director, Botanical Institute and Gardens of Charles University, Prague; Dr. Alexander Zahlbruckner, former Custodian, Dr. Heinrich Handel-Mazzetti, former Custodian, and Dr. Karl Keissler, Director, Department of Botany, Natural History Museum of Vienna; Dr. Nathaniel Lord Britton (deceased), former Director, Dr. Elmer Drew Merrill, former Director, Dr. Marshall Avery Howe (deceased), late Director, Dr. Henry Allan Gleason, Deputy Director and Head Curator, Dr. John Hendley Barnhart, Bibliographer, and Dr. John Kunkel Small, Curator, New York Botanical Garden ; 14 PREFACE Mr. George Claridge Druce, formerly in charge of the Dillenian Herbarium, and Dr. Joseph Burtt-Davy, Lecturer in Tropical Forest Botany, Oxford University; Dr. H. LeComte, Honorary Professor, Dr. Henri Humbert, Professor, Mr. Louis Anfray (deceased), former Preparator, and Dr. Paul Danguy, Vice-Director, Museum of Natural History of Paris; Dr. John Milton Fogg, Jr., Assistant Professor of Botany, University of Pennsylvania; Dr. Boris Issat- chenko, former Director, Dr. Boris Keller, present Director, and Dr. V. P. Savicz, Assistant Director, Botanical Garden of Leningrad ; Mr. Marcus Eugene Jones (deceased), former Honorary Curator of Herbarium, and Dr. Philip A. Munz, Professor of Botany, Pomona College; Mr. Stewardson Brown (deceased), former Curator of Plants, and Dr. Francis W. Pennell, present Curator of Plants, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Dr. LeRoy Abrams, Professor of Botany and Curator of the Dudley Herbarium, and Dr. Ira L. Wiggins, Assistant Professor of Botany, Stanford Uni- versity; Dr. Gunnar Samuelsson, Director of the Botanical Section of the Natural History Royal Museum, Stockholm; Dr. William R. Maxon, Curator, United States National Museum; Dr. Sidney Fay Blake, Senior Botanist, United States Bureau of Plant Industry; Dr. Richard Wettstein-Westersheim (deceased), former Director, Botanical Garden and Institute of Vienna; Dr. Charles Elmer Allen, Professor of Botany, and Dr. Norman Carter Fassett, Assistant Professor of Botany, University of Wisconsin; Mr. William Harris (deceased), former Superintendent of Public Gardens for the Depart- ment of Agriculture in Jamaica; Professor Angel L. Cabrera, National University of La Plata, Argentina; Sr. Jose" F. Molfino, Ministry of Agriculture, Buenos Aires; Mr. James C. Nelson, Principal, Senior High School, Salem, Oregon; Mr. F. G. Overlaet, Territorial Administrator at Kafakumba, District of Katanga, Belgian Congo; Mr. St. Ahnne, President of the Chamber of Agriculture of Tahiti in 1916; and Mr. V. Van Straelen, President, Institute of National Parks of the Belgian Congo, Brussels. From its inception, most of the work has been done at the Field Museum of Natural History, where I have been shown in- numerable courtesies and afforded much valuable aid. It is a genuine pleasure to express here my gratitude to Mr. Frederick J. V. Skiff (deceased), former Director, Mr. David C. Davies (deceased), former Director, Mr. Stephen C. Simms (deceased), late Director, Dr. Charles Frederick Millspaugh (deceased), former Curator of Botany, Dr. B. E. Dahlgren, present Curator of Botany, Mr. Paul PREFACE 15 Carpenter Standley, Associate Curator of the Herbarium, and Mr. J. Francis Macbride, Assistant Curator of Taxonomy. I desire to thank also the Board of Trustees of Field Museum and particularly its President, Mr. Stanley Field. From time to time since late in 1913, the results of my investiga- tions in Bidens have been published in various botanical journals, especially the Botanical Gazette, the American Journal of Botany, the Journal of the Pan-Pacific Research Institution, the Occasional Papers of Bernice P. Bishop Museum, and the Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de L'fitat (Bruxelles). Numerous references to these journals will be found scattered through the present text. In fact, to a certain extent this text represents a final consolidation of the materials presented earlier in some two dozen or more separate articles. Most of the text stands as it was prepared ten or more years ago. A sincere attempt has been made, however, to add treat- ments for all new forms which have come to light recently and to incorporate, so far as space would permit, additional exsiccatae of importance and references to the more noteworthy recent literature. Throughout the preparation of the original manuscript and final text, I have been aided in the proofreading by my wife, Fern R. Seeley Sherff. Her cooperation is acknowledged here most gratefully. Of all the more important specimens cited I have made photo- graphs, these aggregating probably more than two thousand. Com- plete sets are in my private collection and in the Herbarium of the Field Museum of Natural History. A few hundred photographs have been distributed to certain other herbaria, notably those of the Berlin Botanical Garden and the National Botanical Garden at Brussels. It was originally intended to present delineations of authentic materials for every known species. Accordingly, until about six years ago I had sketched all species known to me, and even many varieties. Since that time, however, the pressure of other work, not to mention the anticipated limitations of space, has prevented the preparation of additional plates. Fortunately most of the recently described species are well represented in herbaria by type and cotype materials, 1 so that little difficulty should be encountered in problems of identification. In general, geographic names are given essentially as in modern atlases. In a few cases, however, it has seemed wise to leave the 1 The term "cotype" is used throughout to connote a duplicate of the type (i.e., a paratype; cf. J. C. Arthur et al., Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 34: 172-174, Apr., 1907). 16 PREFACE country name as given in my earlier writings; e.g., British East Africa is retained for Kenya Colony and German East Africa for Tan- ganyika Territory. 1 In most cases where specimens were described as having been collected "in the vicinity of" a certain town or city, these qualifying words have been deleted by the Editor. Moreover, all altitudes expressed by the collector in feet have been altered in the process of editing to read in meters, the conversion being made on the slightly inexact basis of 3^ feet to one meter. The text has been made to conform throughout to the Inter- national Rules of Nomenclature as adopted at Cambridge, England, in 1930 (ed. 3, Jena, 1935). 2 EARL EDWARD SHERFF 1 An unwelcome complication arises in the latter case, in that northwestern- most German East Africa (that is, Urundi and Ruanda) now appears in atlases as a part of Belgian Congo. It is quite possible that several specimens recently collected in "Belgian Congo" came from territory cited by me for earlier specimens as a part of German East Africa. 2 With the slight exception that Recommendation XL-b, intended to apply only to "a new specific or other epithet" and governing the construction of posses- sive names when these are derived from "the name of a man," is made to apply to old as well as "new" epithets. Thus, for examples, Coreopsis Sereti (original spell- ing) appears as C. Seretii, and Bidens Eatoni (original spelling) appears as B. Eatonii. It would seem that, in the interests of nomenclatural simplification and unification, a future International Congress should amend Recommendation XL, making part "b" and perhaps the other three parts to apply to old as well as to new epithets. It may be added here that in the present text Recommendation XLIII of the International Rules has been followed in accordance with what it seemed must be a correct literal interpretation, rather than in accordance with the interpretation placed upon it by most botanists (if we may judge by their practice). This Recommendation provides that: "Specific (or other) epithets should be written with a small initial letter, except those which are derived from names of persons (substantives or adjectives) or are taken from generic names (substantives or adjectives)." This is essentially the same as Recommendation X of the Inter- national Rules adopted in 1905 at Vienna, and, curiously enough, the context con- tains the same flaws that were manifest in the context for the earlier recommenda- tion. No example is given immediately of a specific name taken from a generic name and used as an adjective (in "Lythrum Hyssopifolia," perhaps originally intended for an example, "Hyssopifolia" is the name of a former genus and is used as a sub- stantive, lacking, quite naturally of course, agreement in gender with Lythrum). However, elsewhere in the text of the 1930 Rules, specific epithets taken directly from generic names and used as adjectives are begun with a small letter (e.g., linoides from Linurn, Art. 69, Examples, line 4). Confronted with this evident disregard of recommendations by those whose very duty it was to edit and publish them, I have chosen to ignore all but the literal wording of the recommendation itself as printed. In this way it is felt that the matured and officially expressed judgment of those in attendance when the recommendation in question was originally put to a vote has been given proper recognition. The reader will find, therefore, Bidens Cos- moides, Bidens Cirsioides, etc., in the text. Moreover, trivial names like geraniifolia, ferulaefolia, etc., have been construed as coming within the scope of the same recommendation, hence the names, Bidens Geraniifolia, Bidens Ferulaefolia, etc. THE GENUS BIDENS EARL EDWARD SHERFF HISTORICAL SURVEY OF GENUS The genus Bidens dates back (if we disregard the genus in so far as it appeared in the works of Tournefort and other pre-Linnean writers) to Linnaeus' Species Plantarum (p. 831. 1753) and his Genera Plantarum (ed. 5. 362, No. 840. 1754). Bidens tripartita L. was the type. Except for certain species (e.g., B. nivea L., B. verti- cillata L., and B. fruticosa L.), which since have been universally recognized as belonging to genera other than Bidens (and, too, other than Coreopsis; see list of Nomina e Bidente excludenda at end of this work), the Linnean species of Bidens had achenial awns or aristae, and these were armed with retrorse barbs. In 1790, * Necker (Elem. Bot. 1: 86-87) subdivided the genus Bidens into two new genera. Because of the existence of species with more than two achenial aristae, he dropped the name Bidens. He proposed, instead, the names Pluridens and Edwarsia. His Pluridens was described as having "folia simplicia" and apparently was meant as synonymous with Bidens L. sensu stricto (although the Linnean type of the genus Bidens was really B. tripartita L., a species with compound leaves!). It would include Bidens cernua L. His Edwarsia was described as having "folia composita" and con- sisting of "quaed. Bident. Linn." It thus would include, for example, B. pilosa L. and B. bipinnata L. In 1794, Moench (Meth. 569 and 595) followed Necker's treat- ment essentially, but substituted the names Bidens and Kerneria for Necker's two names. Neither Necker's treatment nor that of Moench is today accepted by botanists. About a century ago Gaudichaud (Voy. Freycinet Bot. 464, pL 85. 1826-1830), describing a species collected in the Hawaiian Islands during Freycinet's voyage, named the plant Bidens micrantha. Shortly afterward, Cassini (Diet. Sci. Nat. 51: 475. 1827) called attention to the curved achenes of Gaudichaud's species. He made this achenial character the basis for proposing his new genus Cam- pylotheca (syn. Dolicotheca). Later, Lessing (Linnaea 6: 508. 1831) 1 Cf. E. L. Greene, Pittonia 4: 245. 1901. 17 18 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI accepted Cassini's genus for species like Bidens micrantha Gaud., but erected a new genus, Adenolepis, to include a somewhat different form, his (Lessing's) A. pulchella. Concerning Campylotheca, how- ever, we may note that the name was retained by DeCandolle in his Prodromus (5: 593. 1836), although elsewhere it was accorded only slight attention. In fact, the collections in those days embraced so few specimens from the Pacific Islands that little study was made of the Pacific flora by taxonomists. DeCandolle (loc. cit.) listed under Bidens proper 76 species. An essential character of Bidens as distinguished from Coreopsis was, in his opinion, the possession of retrorse barbs by the achenial aristae. If these were lacking he referred the species to Coreopsis. His 76 species of Bidens he divided into three sections. His Sect. I, Platycarpaea, included such species (as to obovate-cuneiform, ob- compressed, or flat achenes) as B. tripartite, L., B. connata Muhl., and B. cernua L. His Sect. II, Psilocarpaea, included such species (as to elongate, linear-tetragonal achenes) as B. triplinervia H.B.K. and B. pilosa L. ; and with these species he even joined those climbing species like B. Rubifolia H.B.K. and B. squarrosa H.B.K., species which have elongate, flat, almost ribbon-shaped achenes. His Sect. Ill, Discopoda, included the one species B. purpurea DC., a species that was a true Cosmos and later was very properly trans- ferred to that genus (Benth. & Hook. Gen. PL 2: 387. 1876; cf. Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 2: 200. 1881). It is seen, then, that the true species of Bidens were in reality divided by DeCandolle into only two sections, namely, Platycarpaea and Psilocarpaea. These, however, were distinguished upon a surer morphological basis than was the case with either Necker or Moench. Aside from Campylotheca and Bidens, DeCandolle (op. cit. 633) described a new plant that resembled Bidens, but which appeared remarkable in having the ligules pistillate and fertile. He created the genus Delucia therefor, and his new plant he named D. Ostru- thioides (later Schultz Bipontinus in Seem. Bot. Voy. Herald 308. 1852-1857 renamed the species Bidens Ostruthioides, and this latter name has been widely accepted ever since). Nuttall, in 1841 (Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. n. ser. 7: 368), reduced Campylotheca to the rank of a section under Bidens, but did not give extended reasons for so doing. His attention had been directed to the subject by his having traveled among the Hawaiian Islands and discovered there at least one new species of Bidens (his B. gracilis}. Nuttall, however, did evince a rejection of Cassini's main character for Campylotheca, THE GENUS BIDENS 19 namely, the curved or twisted achenes. He worded his description to read "sometimes curved or contorted," and for one species (his B. mutica) he definitely described the achenes as "straight." Since Nuttall's time, we may add, many other closely affiliated species have been discovered, including forms of Bidens micrantha itself, which have straight achenes, thus bringing the curved-achene character into discredit. In 1856 Schultz Bipontinus undertook the determination of various specimens collected on the Island of Nukahiva (Marquesas Islands) by Edward Jardin. Finding four new species native to this single small island, Schultz Bipontinus appears to have entered upon a very careful and painstaking research into the subject of their generic affinities, finally publishing his results 1 in Flora (39: 357. 1856). As regards the maintenance of a genus Campylotheca apart from Bidens, he was unreservedly against such a course. His four new species from Nukahiva and all of the Hawaiian species he referred to Bidens. In 1861, Asa Gray (Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 125-128) made the next important contribution to a knowledge of the group. Gray had received from the Museum of Natural History in Paris several specimens collected by Jules Remy in the Hawaiian Islands, also a number from the United States Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes, collected in the Hawaiian Islands, Tahiti, Eimeo, and elsewhere in the Pacific. Most of these were new species. Gray's publication indicates that he was probably unaware of Schultz Bipontinus' paper. Thus, for example, he inadvertently created the name Coreopsis Macraei for a plant already named by the latter Bidens Campylotheca. As, therefore, he does not seem to have read Schultz Bipontinus' paper, it is all the more interesting and valu- able to find that Gray, too, was compelled to abandon the name Campylotheca. Species having the achenes wingless and the awns retrorsely barbed he described under Bidens. But several other species, different in having either exaristate achenes or even winged achenes, he described under Coreopsis. Thus he described Bidens hawaiensis, B. Lantanoides, Coreopsis mauiensis, C. macrocarpa, C. Macraei, C. Cosmoides, and C. Menziesii. Gray's own words at the time of describing some of these species are worthy of note. Speaking of the futility of maintaining Campylotheca as a separate 1 For a personal estimate, apparently unbiased and accurate, of the taxonomic ability and sagacity that Schultz Bipontinus displayed at times, see Bentham, Journ. Linn. Soc. 13: 340. 1873. 20 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI genus, apart from Bidens and Coreopsis, he said: "Its adoption merely gives us three limitless genera unmarked by any peculiarity in habit, in the place of two artificially separated ones. . . . Vain is the attempt to draw absolute limits where Nature luxuriates in gradations" (Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 126. 1861). In 1888 there appeared the posthumous Flora of the Hawaiian Islands by William Hillebrand. From his twenty years of resident study in the Hawaiian Islands and his careful investigations subse- quently, Hillebrand was eminently well versed in their species. His treatment assumes almost the aspect of a monographic revision, and it is evident that he possessed much more than an ordinary knowledge of Bidens and related groups. His brilliancy, however, appears to have been manifested, as is so apt to occur with a local botanist, less in the excellence of his genus concept than in that of his species concept. And, even in the latter respect, his generaliza- tions are often necessarily faulty because of the inadequacy of his material. Hillebrand, like Gray, appears never to have seen Schultz Bipontinus' paper. He discarded Gray's treatment, however, and adopted once again Cassini's name Campylotheca. Speaking of Campylotheca he says (p. 211) : "The genus, as it presents itself now, stands evidently nearer to Bidens than to Coreopsis, and might be merged in the former if it were not for the winged achenes of so many species, 1 which, if admitted in the character of Bidens, would efface the limits between that genus and Coreopsis." Gray's Hawaiian Bidens is transferred by Hillebrand to Campylotheca. 2 From early times down to and including the work of Drake del Castillo, botanists, as exemplified by Augustin DeCandolle (the DeCandolle who is meant throughout this work except where noted to the contrary) and Asa Gray, tended to refer to Bidens those species with retrorsely barbed awns, and to Coreopsis those species with antrorsely barbed awns or with awns inconspicuous. 3 But, from time to time in North America, new forms have been discovered, identical in each case with a certain species of Coreopsis (as then 1 Regarding the inaccuracy of this statement, cf. footnote 1, p. 24. 2 We may note at this point that shortly following Hillebrand's book, Drake del Castilld (Illustr. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 208-210. 1890) transferred all the Campy- lotheca species, also several allied species of Bidens, to the genus Coreopsis! Strangely, however, he left such species as Bidens Lantanoides Gray and B. australis Spreng. (B. paniculata Hook. & Arn.) in Bidens. 3 It is true that in isolated cases species with retrorsely barbed achenes were put by Jacquin (e.g., Bidens Ferulaefolia), by Loureiro (e.g., B. leucorrhiza) , by Cavanilles (e.g., B. Sambucifolia), and by others into Coreopsis. In each such case, however, these species were sooner or later transferred to Bidens and there retained by the great body of taxonomic workers. THE GENUS BIDENS 21 delimited) or Bidens except in the direction of the barbs on the awns. Asa Gray (cf. Fernald, Rhodora 15: 77. 1913), when con- fronted with such a form of "Coreopsis aristosa Michx." (the then accepted name), designated it "C. aristosa inBidentem transformata." Later (Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1, pt. 2: 294-296. 1884) he treated this and similar forms as hybrids between Coreopsis and Bidens. In 1893, Britton (Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 20: 280-281), emphasizing the instability of the barb-direction character f or Bidens frondosa L., and also separating the two genera on general grounds rather than by one particular character, transferred six species from Coreopsis to Bidens. The validity of these transfers has since been accepted unhesitatingly by all prominent American botanists who have critically studied the Eastern United States species of Bidens, among them Wiegand (Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 26: 401. 1899), Greene (e.g., Leafl. Bot. Crit. 1: 200. 1906), 1 and Robinson and Fernald (Gray's Man. ed. 7: 839. 1908). It is also implied by many other botanists working upon the species of other regions but following the same distinctions, a singular case being that of Brandegee's description (Zoe 5: 239. 1906) of Bidens alpina and Greenman's description (Proc. Amer. Acad. 41: 264. 1905) of Bidens sarmentosa. The achenes are described for B. alpina as "nearly smooth; awns none or two varying from 1 mm. long to rudiments, corneous and not barbellate"; for B. sarmentosa, as "glabrous or sparingly hispidulous, awnless or with reduced awns." But, on investigation, these species were found to be identical; in turn, B. sarmentosa, which from priority of publication would otherwise stand as the accepted species, was found to match in every character Coreopsis Anthemoides DC., having achenes described (DC. Prodr. 5: 573. 1836) as "(immaturis) linearibus glabris brevissime bidentatis." Thus, a species placed by DeCandolle in Coreopsis, evidently because of its very short awns, was independently referred by Brandegee and by Greenman, about 70 years later, to Bidens, evidently because the achenes lacked wings and the general characters coincided closely with those of certain unquestioned species of Bidens (e.g.,B. triplinervia, especially its var. macrantha, with awns retrorsely barbed). More recently still, specimens of this same species have been found with most of the achenial aristae retrorsely barbed, and one such form has been described as Bidens Purpusorum Bitt. & Ptsn. (cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 153. 1923). 1 Thus, Greene refers to Bidens a plant ("B. tenuissima") with "erect, up- wardly barbed awns." 22 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Fernald, in a recent discussion of the awn characters of Bidens (Rhodora 15: 74-78. 1913), lists no fewer than six American species in which occurs a more or less pronounced form having the awns barbed in the reverse from the normal direction. Thus, for example, Bidens connata Muhl. has awns retrorsely barbed, while var. anomala Farw. has awns antrorsely barbed. Again, Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britt. has antrorsely barbed awns, while the var. Fritcheyi Fern, has retrorsely barbed awns. Hence it is obvious that, were the old artifi- cial method of distinguishing between Coreopsis and Bidens (namely, by the direction of the barbs on the awns) to be retained, an anoma- lous situation would result. We should be compelled either to regard each of these varieties as a hybrid between two species of distinct genera, a course certainly unwarranted in several cases (cf. Fernald, loc. cit., and Wiegand, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 26: 401. 1899), or to refer each variety to the other genus, an entirely indefensible alterna- tive. We are compelled, then, to view these varieties, in at least the majority of cases, as merely more or less distinct and pronounced forms of their respective species. This being true, the awn character method of separating Coreopsis from Bidens is seen to demand a restatement. In the light of my own monographic researches upon these two genera, we may go only so far as to say that all forms with retrorsely barbed achenial aristae belong in Bidens, but that forms having antrorsely barbed aristae or having no aristae at all may belong in either Bidens or Coreopsis, depending upon various other considerations. 1 The somewhat superficial study made by Greene (Pittonia 4: 242-270. 1901) upon several species of Bidens may be noted here in passing. Greene commented upon the dissimilarity between such species as B. cernua L. and B. tripartite^ L. Even so radical a botanist as he, however, refrained from proposing a generic segrega- tion of the B. cernua forms. Nevertheless, Greene did segregate the aquatic Bidens Beckii as the type of a new genus, Megalodonta; and, when the peculiar achenes of this species are considered, it seems wise to accept Greene's new genus as valid. Strangely enough, no one appears to have tried to segregate generically the pronounced and well defined group of Bidens species typified by B. reptans (L.) G. Don. 2 These species differ from the 1 For additional notes on the aristal barbs, see Wegener, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 31: 79. 1914; etiam Briquet, Arch. Sc. Phys. Nat. 42: 65. 1916. 2 DeCandolle (Prodr. 5: 599. 1836), however, did create the name Bidens Coreopsidis for one of these species. Even earlier, the names Coreopsis reptans L., C. incisa Ker., etc., had been given to certain of these species, but without very serious consideration's being given to their generic affiliations. THE GENUS BIDENS 23 more typical species in being climbers, and in having long, flat achenes that are hispid along the two edges in such a way at times as to suggest a centipede. They are referred in this work to the Section Greenmania. Similarly, the anomalous Bidens clarendonensis Britton may be mentioned here. It has trailing, somewhat woody stems, thick, rhombic-ovate leaves, and by some might be inter- preted as representing a new genus (although by me it is taken as representing the monotypic section Neurophyllum). It is seen that, if we accept the narrow concept of Bidens held by Cassini, Lessing, and Hillebrand, and seek to segregate the native Pacific species under the name Campylotheca, to be consistent we shall have to subject the entire genus Bidens to a process of subdivi- sion and segregation, resulting in at least eight genera. There are at least two good reasons for not adopting such a course. In the first place, the accuracy of such a series of interpretations is not so well established as to justify overturning almost the entire nomen- clature of the genus. In the second place, the lines of demarcation among the various subordinate groups are so fluctuating and in- constant that efforts to apply a binomial system of nomenclature to the many species would be rendered even more difficult than before. I am constrained to reject, therefore, any idea of seriously interfering with the general status of Bidens. Cassini's name Campylotheca I am compelled to reject. 1 1 In taking this step it is reassuring to read the words of so eminent a student of the Compositae as Bentham. Speaking of Cassini and his work, he stated (Journ. Linn. Soc. 13: 338. 1873): "Unfortunately, however, in working out the details of the genera in the 'Dictionaire,' he indulged in an enormous and useless multiplication of generic names, which only tended to throw the nomenclature into confusion, and cast a slur upon all his labors. Wherever he observed a slight difference in the involucre, pappus, or general aspect, or could not readily identify an imperfect specimen, an engraved figure, or a description often incorrect, he at once set it down as a new genus, and has thus, more than any other botanist of equal ability, overloaded the science with useless synonyms. So recklessly, indeed, did he give way to this mania of coining new names, that he on many occasions proposed two, or even three, for the same genus, leaving future botanists to take their choice." Cassini did not neglect Campylotheca in this respect. At the very outset he proposed Dolicotheca as an alternative name. This latter name, however, was never adopted by Lessing, DeCandolle, or others. We may note here that recently Brown (Forest B.H., Fl. S.E. Polynesia 3: 350. 1935; Bishop Mus. Bull. 130: 350. 1935) has retained Campylotheca and advanced various queries as to the presence or importance of certain diagnostic characters hitherto relied upon or hitherto neglected. On the other hand, Degener (in numerous names published conjointly with myself in past articles cited in the following pages), Grant (in such names as Bidens orofenensis, B. glandulifera, B. aoraiensis, etc., published or repeated in this volume with his cooperation), J. W. Moore (Bish. Mus. Bull. 102: 46. 1933), St. John (in many herbarium determinations), Skottsberg (Medd. Goteborgs Bot. Tradgard 10: 191. 1935), and various other able students of the Pacific floras have inclined toward outright reduction of Campylotheca to Bidens. 24 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Having laid aside the name Campy iotheca, we must note next the lack of absolute uniformity in even one distinctive character among the numerous species of Bidens and of the allied genus Coreopsis. In spite of this lack, however, one such character does persist to a considerable extent, especially among the African and North American (as contrasted with the South American) species. It is the presence (in Coreopsis) or absence (in Bidens) of two lateral wings upon the mature achene. In cases where other criteria are absent, it appears to offer the only logical basis of distinction. This presence or absence of achene wings was given great weight by Gray, but in the Pacific flora the wing character is unreliable, and will lead, if absence of wings be demanded from all species of Bidens, to an arbitrary and unnatural arrangement. Some three or four Hawaiian forms commonly have accessory awns or barbs below the achene's apex, and either these or the principal awns frequently are decurrent along the achenial edges as a more or less thickened margin or even as a wing; or at times the awns seem unrelated to the wings. In Bidens mauiensis, these wings are very conspicuous. The number of Hawaiian species that exhibit this character, however, is very small compared with the remaining Pacific species that lack it. 1 Moreover, a study of their other characters, such as odor of bruised foliage (when fresh) and shape of ligules, as well as range of distribution, shows them to be much closer to the wingless-achened Bidens species of the Pacific than to the American species Coreopsis lanceolata L., which has winged achenes and which must be taken as the type of the genus Coreopsis. It seems wise, therefore, to treat such species as belonging in Bidens instead of in Coreopsis, where placed by Asa Gray. We shall have even then no greater incongruity in Bidens than must perforce be tolerated in Coreopsis. Thus, for example, all authors who have dealt with the subject have retained the North American wingless-achened Coreopsis rosea Nutt. and C. tinctoria Nutt. in Coreopsis despite their anomalous achenes, because their other characters clearly indicated a closer affinity with Coreopsis than with Bidens. Manifestly this was the only correct course to pursue, and my own procedure is precisely comparable. On reference to recent descriptions and types of African species of Bidens, we find that in several cases the awns, even on achenes of the same head, are barbed both antrorsely and retrorsely. Thus, 1 Cf. Hillebrand's misleading words, "the winged achenes of so many species." Doubtless Hillebrand was recalling many specimens of a few species, and unguard- edly referring to them as "so many species." Reference to his individual descrip- tions shows few of the species to be described as wing-achened. THE GENUS BIDENS 25 for example, Moore (Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 37: 322. 1906) created the name Bidens ambigua for Gossweiler 1189, for the very reason that some of the awns are smooth, others antrorsely barbed, and others retrorsely barbed ("achaeniis .... aristis 2 quam se ipsa brevioribus dentibus perpaucis nunc erectis mine recurvis onustis vel etiam omnino calvis . . . ., hence the trivial name"). Yet in the same year (Journ. Bot. 44: 22. 1906) he likewise somewhat arbi- trarily created the name Coreopsis Taylori for a plant showing the same variation (coll. W. E. Taylor, Jan. 5, 1886; "achaeniis .... apice setuloso-ciliatis calvis vel aristulis 1 vel 2 brevissimis erecto- vel patenti- vel etiam recurvo-uncinulatis onustis saepe vero nudis ; indeed, the plant might almost as well be considered a Bidens, but the habit is that of Coreopsis"). In referring the latter species to Coreopsis, he relied mainly upon its habital similarity to other (so-called) species of Coreopsis from Africa. But, as will be seen presently, some of these species belong in reality to Bidens. There- fore, this habital similarity, affording formerly an apparently good reason for the name Coreopsis Taylori, can no longer be given much consideration. The present writer, in bringing together the numerous species of Bidens for monographic treatment, has come to adopt fully the distinctions between these two genera as followed by recent American botanists. In brief, the genus Coreopsis is maintained primarily because of the peculiar habit and winged achenes of the Linnean type species (excluding C. alba, C. Bidens, and C. alternifolia, Sp. Plant, ed. 1. 907-909. 1753; cf. Britton, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 20: 280. 1893). Similarly, the genus Bidens is maintained primarily because of the peculiar habit, strongly barbed awns, and wingless achenes of several of the Linnean species of Bidens. MORPHOLOGY, HISTOLOGY, CYTOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND OTHER SPECIAL LINES OF INQUIRY No attempt can be made here to survey completely the work done so far upon Bidens in the several special fields of plant research. 1 1 Aside from references to Frank's finding of connecting bundles in Bidens (Bot. Zeit. 1864: 154 and 382. 1864; cf. DeBary, Comp. Anat. Phan. Ferns 308. 1884) and to Hanstein's finding of transverse girdles in B. cernua and B. tripartite^ (Abh. Berl. Acad. 1857: 77. 1857; cf. DeBary, op. cit. 297), my manuscript includes little of value connected with the morphology or histology of the stem or branches. The morphology of the chaff scales and involucral bracts of the European species of Bidens has been studied by Briquet (Arch. Sc. Phys. Nat. 43: 333. 1917). A summary of his findings, as presented elsewhere (Briq. & Cavill. Fl. Alp. Marit. 26 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Nor can an attempt be made to summarize the environmental con- ditions under which the numerous species live. These are so varied, ranging from almost extreme hydrophytism 1 to almost extreme xerophytism, that habitat data can best be and are presented in association with the Specimens examined. 2 There, too, will be found special notes on any uses for medicines, dyestuffs, beverages, etc., that various collectors have recorded. There is practically no litera- ture upon the cytology or genetics of Bidens. 3 6: 215. 1917), is quoted verbatim: "Enfin, une autre particularity tres inteiessante de nos especes du genre Bidens consiste dans le fait que les bractees involucrales internes et externes ont une structure tres differente. IndSpendamment de nom- breux caracteres distinctifs de detail, les canaux s6creteurs sont lies aux faisceaux dans les premieres (dans la nervure m6diane, il y a 2 canaux phleotermiques et un canal sur la face ventrale de 1'endoxyle), dans les secondes les canaux sont beaucoup plus volumineux et places dans le m&ophylle en dehors des faisceaux. Les bractees paleales presentent les principaux caracteres des bractees involucrales internes, mais avec une forme differente et une reduction dans le nombre des faisceaux et des canaux." The alternation of calyx projections (achenial aristae), corolla lobes, and stamens in the abnormally tetramerous disc florets of B. cernua has been noted by Buchenau, also by Wydler (see p. 302, footnote 1). The achenes' internal structure was investigated for various Compositae by Hanausek (Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesellsch. 20: 449. 1902; Sitzungsber. Konigl. Acad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturw. Kl. 116: (Abt. 1) 3. 1907; Wiesner-Festschrift 139. 1908; Denkschrift Konigl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturw. Kl. 87: 93-142, pis. 1-3. 1912). For Bidens bipinnata, B. tripartite,, B. abyssinica, etc., as for certain other Compositae (e.g., Helianthus annuus), he found the pericarp to have a "coal-depositing" layer. This and related facts are summarized by Briquet and Cavillier (Fl. Alp. Marit. 6: 214. 1917), who state as follows: "La section trans- versale de 1'akene des Bidens est rhomboidale; Tepicarpe n'est pas cristallifere et ne porte point de trichomes autres que les aculeoles; sous 1'epicarpe se trouve un hypoderme a elements etires radialement en palisades, hypoderme simple par places, plus souvent multiple, dont les parois internes (en contact avec le scle>ocarpe) transforment leur lamelle mitoyenne (mitoyenne avec le sclerocarpe) en un epais depdt de charbon (ligne d'un noir fuligineux continue en coupe trans- versale entre 1'hypoderme et le sclerocarpe) ; le sclerocarpe forme une cuirasse con- tinue, e'paisse de 2-3 assises, a stereides externes pourvues d'asperites en brochette faisant saillie dans le depdt de charbon; les faisceaux sont encastres dans la region interne du sclerocarpe, leur xyleme 6tant enyeloppe par le leptocarpe parenchy- mateux; 1'endocarpe ne presente rien de particular; 1'albumen possede des parois cellulaires souvent cplorees en violet; le plan de symetrie de 1'embryon coincide avec le plan de symetrie de la fleur: les cotyledons sont transversaux." 1 The truly aquatic Bidens Beckii Torr. is here excluded from the genus, in accordance with the treatment of E. L. Greene, who renamed it Megalodonta Beckii (Pittonia 4: 271. 1901). 2 We may note in passing, however, a cultural experiment by H. B. Guppy (Studies in Seeds and Fruits 445-446. 1912) upon Bidens cernua andJB. tripartita, "two species that grow in wet stations by the sides of ditches, ponds, and rivers. After three generations the height of the plants was reduced from 17 or 18 inches to 5 or 6 inches, the fleshy stems becoming dry, woody, and wiry, the length of the achenes being reduced by half." In young plants of B. cernua, Guppy was able (op. cit. 480-482), by withholding water, to produce an approach in leaf outline to that of B. tripartita. 3 Lawrence, writing on "The genetics and cytology of Dahlia species" (Journ. Genetics 21: 125-159. 1929), cites (p. 151) his own root tip count for the somatic number of chromosomes in Bidens atrosanguinea "as approximately 48, which was THE GENUS BIDENS 27 Certain studies have been made, however, upon the flowering and fruiting heads, having to do chiefly with protection and pollina- tion, which studies may be mentioned here: Protection of pollen. Hansgirg (Pflanzenbiolog. Untersuch. 122- 123. 1904) lists five types of antipluvial ("regenscheuer") flowers, the protection of whose pollen rests upon a phytodynamic principle. As illustrating his third type, characterized by a standing upright of the flowers or heads in pleasant weather and by their drooping over (due to a flexure of the axis) in rainy weather, he mentions, among other genera, Bidens. (See also B. Volkensii, next paragraph.) Insect visits. Robertson (Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 6: 473- 474. 1894) made a study of insect visits to plants of B. aristosa on fourteen days, Aug. 2 to Sept. 15, in the neighborhood of Carlinville, Illinois. He presents lists of Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hemiptera which he observed. On Sept. 20 he studied the insect visits, in the same neighborhood, to "B. chrysan- themoides Michx." (as this species does not grow in Illinois he clearly meant B. cernua). There he found represented all the above groups but Hemiptera. Scott Elliot (Ann. Bot. 5: 357. 1891), in his notes on the fertilization of South African and Madagascar flowering plants, recorded a visitation of B. pilosa by Pieres hellica. Knuth (Bot. Centralbl. 49: 301. 1892) reported the visit at Kiel, Germany, of Lucilia cornicina to B. cernua. He later (Blutenbiol. 2, pt. 1 : 598-599. 1898) recorded also the visit of Bombus terrester to the same species, and cited as well a visit by the honey bee which had been recorded by H. Miiller. For B. tripartite,, Knuth reported MacLeod's observation of the bees Bombus and Anthrena visiting the flowers; he recorded also his own observation of three hoverflies and one bug. William Saunders, of London, Ontario, reported insect captures (Canad. Entomologist 11: 196. 1879; also, Amer. Entomologist 1880: 75. 1880) by a species of Bidens, in all probability B. cernua. "The insects which he had observed thus captured were Dipterous [flowerflies, of the genus Syrphus], all of whom had been later confirmed by a pollen mother cell count of 24. Considerable irregularity of the divisions was apparent and multiple association was also marked." He records his unsuccessful attempt to cross B. atrosanguinea with Dahlia Merckii. We must observe, however, that B. atrosanguinea is a true Cosmos and thus can not represent Bidens. The same writer wrote elsewhere (in lit., October 21, 1931) : "It is a remarkable fact but, with the exception of Bidens atrosanguinea, not a single species of Bidens or Coreopsis has been examined cytologically as far as I am aware. ... I have little doubt that these genera are mainly polyploid. One would expect to find multiple series of chromosomes as in Chrysanthemum and Senecio, but of course I have no evidence for this view." 28 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI caught by the mouth; some were found dead, others still living, but unable to withdraw their proboscis." On the other hand, Meehan (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1891: 271. 1891) recorded his invariable failure, throughout two years of repeated observations, to find one instance of insect visitation for B. frondosa. He advanced the opinion that the long; retrorsely barbed achenial aristae had exerted a deterrent influence on the insects. He furthermore ventured the assertion that B. frondosa has in no way suffered "by ages of pure in-and-in breeding." Hansgirg, in the work already cited (p. 133), lists various myrmecophobic plants. He includes B. Volkensii along with the common dandelion, Taraxacum palustre var. vulgar e (Lam.) Fern. (T. officinale Weber), as having reflexed outer involucral bracts, this tending to prevent access of ants to the flowers. Protection of flowering heads when young. Gressner (Flora 69: 94. 1886) investigated the developing involucre for two species of Compositae. He states for B. tripartita (as translated) : "The edge of the bracts of the involucre of the very young inflorescence possesses no indentation but, instead, at fairly regular distances apart, several-celled trichomes. These have stiff, strongly cuticularized walls and are bent hook-like. . . . The outer surface of the cell wall shines forth through the delicate strip of cuticle, beautifully ornamented. Through the inter-hooking of these marginal trichomes there is obtained an exact enclosure of the bud. Later, as it seems, the hair-structure in question is broken asunder; the bracts of the matured involucre are twisted in an extremely irregular way, and a mass of many-shaped, several-celled trichomes surrounds the disrupted bract apex." Anthers and style at anthesis. Cassini (Opuscul. Phytolog. 1: 31. 1826) and, much later, Friedrich Hildebrand (Geschlechtsver- haltnisse Compos. 66. 1869) described and illustrated the surface of the style branches for B. tripartita. To translate from Hildebrand : "The extreme apex [of each style branch] possesses a fascicle or tuft of sweeping-hairs and somewhat deeper down, separated by a smooth flat surface from the upper hair-cluster, still a second sweeping-hair region occurs." Knuth (Blum. Insekt. Nordfrieschen Inseln 88. 1894; Blutenbiol. 2, pt. 1: 598. 1898) described the behavior of B. tripartita at and following anthesis rather minutely. To translate: "Ray flowers almost constantly lacking. 1 Cross section 1 Here we may note Thuillier's surprising and erroneous statement (Fl. Par. ed. 1. 232. 1790), that there occur sometimes one or two imperfect florets "a la circonference de la feuille." In his second edition (p. 422. 1799) he corrected "feuille" to read "fleur." THE GENUS BIDENS 29 of the head at most 1 cm. The sweeping-teeth at the apex of the style are somewhat long, those following thereafter are shorter, the lowermost the longest. They sweep the pollen forward out of the anther cylinder, whereupon the latter withdraws entirely into the corolla tube. Then the stigma branches unfold their papillose inner surface, while meantime the heretofore widely spread corolla lobes become again somewhat erect and the backwardly barbed calyx teeth spread away from each other, so that the cross section of the head above becomes finally 2.5 cm. The originally yellow flowers become colored toward the end of the blooming-period an unsightly brown." In his Bliitenbiologie (p. 599), Knuth treated also of B. cernua, citing H. Miiller for various details. To translate: "About a hundred flowers compose a head. Each disk flower possesses, according to H. Miiller, an approximately 1.5 mm. long tube and an almost equally long, 1 mm. wide bell or limb. Out of this there arises at the first of the flowering period the anther tube, covered with pollen and about 1 mm. thick; in the later part of the flowering period, moreover, the 1 mm. long style branches spread apart. The structure of these accords quite well with that of the foregoing B. tripartite,. The stigma papillae are so broad that light pollen grains of the same flower remain fast upon the edge, so that here, as also with the foregoing species, spontaneous self-pollination is made possible." We may note also that Meehan (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1893: 303. 1893) meanwhile had made a study of anthesis in B. bipinnata and reported it to be essentially the same as for Heliopsis laevis: "The style pushes up the staminal tube, starting at nightfall. During the next day the pollen is pressed through the divisions of the incurved staminal appendages, the style branches protrude the following nightfall, the staminal tube retires the next day, followed the following day by the retreating style." 1 Genus BIDENS: Descriptio 2 Linn. Sp. PI. 831. 1753 (maxima ex parte) ; Gen. PI. ed. 5. No. 840. 1754. Plantae (familiae Compositarum) herbaceae vel fruticosae, annuae vel perennes, erectae vel procumbentes vel etiam scandentes, glabrae vel pilosae; caulibus teretibus vel angulatis, plerumque striatis. 1 Under the title "Beitrage zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Pistills" Buchenau (Linnaea 25: 622-633. 1852) gives a detailed account of pistil development in the related Coreopsis bicolor Bosse (verisimiliter C. tinctoria Nutt.). 2 Regarding the gender of the wordBidens, I quote from Briquet and Cavillier Fl. Alp. Marit. 6: 215, footnote 1. 1917: "Linne Sp. ed. 1, p. 831 (1753) a introduit dans la nomenclature botanique moderne un nom generique/eraimw. Independam- 30 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Folia principalia opposita vel rarissime ternata, Integra vel dentata vel incisa vel semel bis terve ternatim pinnatimve dissecta ; superiora interdum alterna. Capitula nunc mediocria vel majuscula ad apices ramorum vel in dichotomiis solitaria, nunc minora numerosiora irregulariter corymboso-paniculata; nunc heterogama, radiata, flori- bus radii 1-seriatis neutris vel rarius pistillatis, disci hermaphroditis fertilibusque, nunc radio deficiente homogama. Involucrum saepius campanulatum vel subhemisphaericum, bracteis plerumque 2 (rarius 3-4) -serialibus, basi saepe breviter (rarissime dimidio) connatis, exterioribus saepius herbaceis nunc brevibus nunc in folia elongata (raro etiam decomposita) expansis, interioribus plerumque membranaceis saepius hyalino- vel flavido-marginatis. Flores ligulati plerumque albidi flavive rarius rubri, lamina patente integra vel saepius denticulata. Paleae angustae, subplanae, flores herma- phrodites subtendentes. Flores disci corolla regulares, tubulosi, limbo cylindraceo urceolatove raro 4- plerumque 5-fido. Antherae basi integrae vel auriculis parvis muticis sagittatae. Styli floris hermaphroditi rami superne hirti, appendicibus brevibus acutis vel longioribus subulatis superati. Achaenia a dorso compressa vel 3-4-gona, obovato-oblonga vel cuneata vel plus minusve linearia, glabra vel pilis brevibus (his e tuberculis interdum ortis) sursum vel rarius retrorsum spectantibus ciliata vel conspersa, marginaliter rarissime tuberculato- vel submembranaceo-alata, apicaliter aequalia vel attenuata nee distincte vel raro rostrata, nunc exaristata nunc ad vel sub apice ipso aristis 1-8 rigidis plerumque persistentibus plus minusve (antrorsum retrorsumve) barbellatis vel aculeolatis rarissime ad glandulas parvas reductis munita. SECTIONES GENERIS No fewer than fourteen sections may be recognized. 1 These are: Sect. I. Campylotheca (Cass.) Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. II. 7: 368. 1841 (pro genere, Cass. in Diet. Sci. Nat. 51: 475. 1827). Adenolepis Less. Linnaea 6: 510. 1831 (pro genere). ment du fait que les noms de genre peuvent etre arbitraires (Regies nomencl. art. 24), les termes bidens, tridens, etc., etaient employes en latin non seulement comme substantifs masculins, mais aussi comme adjectifs: Bidens (sous-entendu Herba) tripartita est done correct, mSme au point de veu du purisme, qui N'est pas le n6tre. Les expressions Bidens tripartitus, cernuus, etc., doivent etre rejetees." !Sect. Discopoda DC. (Prodr. 5: 604. 1836)=Cos/nos, sect. Discopoda (DC.) Sherff, Field Mus. Bot. 8: 430. 1932. Sect. Hydrocarpaea A. Gray (Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1, II: 298. l&M) = Megalodonta Greene, Pittonia 4: 271. 1901. Sect. Adenolepis (Less.) O. Hoffm. in Engler & Prantl (Pflanzenf. 4, v: 245. 1894)=sect. Campylotheca (q.v.). THE GENUS BIDENS 31 Adenolepis (Less.) 0. Hoffm. in Engler & Prantl, Pflanzenf. 4, V: 245. 1894 (pro sect. Bidentis). Nos. 1-59. Demum plerumque fruticosae, saepissime glaberrimae, suci odore carotae plus minusve similes. Capitula saepius numerosa, radiata. Achaenia recta vel torta, saepius biaristata aristis plerumque retrorsum hamosis. Plantae insularum Oceani Pacifici. (Type, B. micrantha.) Sect. II. Degeneria Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 93: 213. 1932. No. 60. 1 Genitalia praesertim stylo longissimo valde exserta. (Type, B. Cosmoides.) Sect. III. Neurophyllum Sherff, op. cit. 214. No. 61. Herbae perennes, procumbentes, foliis crassioribus, perspicue nervatis. (Type, B. clarendonensis.) Sect. IV. Clomtonia Sherff, loc. cit. No. 62. 2 Frutices, foliis oblongis, acuminatis, etc. Cum characteribus typi. (Type, B. monticola.) Sect. V. Greenmania Sherff, op. cit. 88 : 297. 1929. Nos. 63-73. Herbae Americae tropicae perennes, plerumque scandentes, caulibus saepe 5-10 m. longis; capitulis numerosis, normaliter radia- tis; achaeniis elongatis, valde obcompressis vel omnino planis, lateribus parallelis et saepissime valde setosis, apice plerumque biaristatis aristis saepius longis nunc retrorsum hamosis nunc calvis. (Type, B. Rubifolia.) Sect. VI. Selvorngea Sherff, op. cit. 93: 214. 1932. No. 74. 3 Herbae perennes, glabrae; foliis sessilibus, decussatis, rigidis, oblanceolato-oblongis, serratis, etc. Cum characteribus typi. (Type, B. graveolens.) Sect. VII. Fulsotsia Sherff, loc. cit. No. 75. 4 Caulis glaber fere nudus, foliis 3-4-jugis, parvis, sessilibus, in- tegris, linearibus. Cum characteribus typi. (Type, B. fistulosa.) Sect. VIII. Heterodonta (Nutt.) Sherff, loc. cit. Pro sect.? Diodontae Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. II. 7: 361. 1841. Sect. 1 Named for Mr. Otto Degener, the well-known authority on the flora of the Hawaiian Islands. 2 Name anagrammatic for monticola. 3 Name anagrammatic for graveolens. 4 Name anagrammatic for fistulosa. 32 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Hederodonta Nutt. ex Walp. (generis Diatontae Nutt. ex Walp.) Repert. 2: 615. 1843. Nos. 76 and 77. Plantae boreali-americanae, foliis plerumque simplicibus, capi- tulis discoideis vel subradiatis et cylindricis vel ellipsoidalibus, achaeniis planis lineari-cuneatis. (Type, B. Bidentoides.} Sect. IX. Meduseae (Nutt.) Sherff, loc. cit. Pro sect. Diodontae Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. II. 7: 360. 1841. Diodonta Nutt. (sed syn. Coreopsis aurea Ait. et Diodonta Bidentoides Nutt. exclu- denda sunt) loc. cit. Pro sect. Diatontae Nutt. ex Walp. Repert. 2: 615. 1843. Diatonta Nutt. ex Walp. (exclud. syn. Coreopsidem auream Ait.), op. cit. 614. Diadonta Nutt. ex Walp. op. cit. 6: 164. 1846. Pro subsect. sectionis Eucoreopsidis Pfeiffer, Nom. Bot. 1: 1085. 1874 (non vere Torr. & Gray). Nos. 78-82. Plantae boreali-americanae; foliis plerumque pinnatis raro in- divisis vel bipinnatis; capitulis radiatis luteis; achaeniis planis nunc lineari-cuneatis nunc cuneato-obovatis saepe crasso-marginatis et plus minusve tuberculatis, exaristatis vel biaristatis aristis saepius antrorsum hamosis. (Type, B. polylepis.) Sect. X. Platycarpaea DC. Prodr. 5: 594. 1836. Nos. 83-94. Folia plerumque simplicia vel pinnatim 3-7-partita (raro 2-3- pinnatisecta) ; achaeniis ovalibus vel obovato-cuneiformibus, obcom- presso-planis vel apicem versus tetragonis. (Type, or at least first cited species, B. tripartita.) Sect. XL Psilocarpaea DC. Prodr. 5: 596. 1836. Nos. 95-218. Plantae habitu valde diversae, nunc annuae nunc perennes, herbae vel frutices; foliis simplicibus vel (etiam valde) decompositis; capitulis discoideis vel radiatis, nunc minimis nunc maximis; achae- niis plerumque plus minusve linearibus, planis vel tetragonis, apice muticis vel aristatis. A large section, containing more than half of the species in the genus. Future studies may indicate the advisability of splitting this section into several smaller groups. (Type species not indicated by DeCandolle. B. fruticosa (Vest) DC., cited first by DeCandolle, unknown both to him and to me. B. decolor ata H.B.K., the next species cited, reduces to B. aurea, which species may there- fore serve as the section type.) Sect. XII. Steppia (Schz. Bip. in Walp.) Sherff, op. cit. 215. Pro sect. Coreopsidis, Schz. Bip. in Walp. Repert. 6: 163. 1846. Nos. 219-231. THE GENUS BIDENS 33 Folia dentibus apicaliter setigeris saepius dentata; floribus tubu- losis ad medium saepius tumido-articulatis vel anulatis; achaeniis plerumque biaristatis aristis antrorsum hispidis. (Type, B. chaeto- donta.) Sect. XIII. Lesperthema Sherff, op. cit. 216. No. 232. 1 Involucri bracteae interiores basaliter vel etiam usque ad medium connatae. Achaenia exteriora marginibus perspicue incrassata. (Type, B. phelloptera,) Sect. XIV. Ebussa Sherff, loc. cit. No. 233. 2 Involucri bracteae interiores basaliter vel etiam usque ad medium connatae. Achaenia praecocia, clavato-linearia, exalata, apice plus minusve incrassato-capitata vel crassiusculo-anulata. (Type, B. praecox.) CLAVIS a. Plantae insulis Oceani Pacifici centralis nativae.* 6. Folia plerumque indivisa. c. Inflorescentia monocephalica pedunculataque. d. Folia tomentoso-pubescentia 11. B. Lantanoides. d. Folia glabra. e. Petioli laminas aequantes superantesve. /. Achaenia alata. 56. B. mauiensis var. cuneatoides et var. Forbesiana. f. Achaenia exalata 57. B. molokaiensis. e. Petioli laminis breviores. /. Folia basi late cuneata, utroque latere 3-5 dentibus grosse dentata. g. Folia membranacea, saepius 2-3 cm. lata, dentibus in unico latere saepe usque ad 12; achaeniis costis marginibusque dense setosis apice biaristatis. 59. B. Saint- Johniana. 1 Name anagrammatic for that of Thelesperma, which genus is strongly sug- gested by the interior bracts, these being connate below (as are also those in Sect. XIV). 2 Name anagrammatic in honor of Dr. Walter Busse, collector of the type, the name Bussea having already been used (pro genere) by Harms (Bot. Jahrb. 33: 159. 1902) in another connection. 3 Introduced species, being readily distinguishable from the indigenous ones, are here omitted. The introduced species commonly found in certain localities, especially in the Hawaiian Islands, are: Bidens laevis, B. pilosa, B. biternata, B. Cynapiifolia, andS. tripartita (the last apparently absent in the Hawaiian group). The central Pacific region, as here taken, extends from the Tropic of Cancer southward to slightly past the Tropic of Capricorn (Maretiri or Bass Isls.) and from about 127 to 180 W. Long. 34 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI g. Folia crassiuscula, 1-2 cm. lata, dentibus in unico latere plerumque 3-5; achaeniis marginibus sparsis- sime ciliatis apice exaristatis 58. B. cuneata. f. Folia basi rotundata vel cordata, utroque latere 6-15 dentibus serrata 57. B. molokaiensis. c. Inflorescentia capitulorum paucorum multorumve, cymosa vel paniculato-corymbosa. d. Capitula ad anthesin minuta, tantum 2-4 mm. alta. e. Achaenia 6-8 mm. longa; speciebus insularum sandvicen- sium 22. B. Degeneri. e. Achaenia plerumque 2.5-6 mm. longa; speciebus hemi- sphaerii australis. /. Folia plus minusve oblongo-ovata, breviter acuminata, petiolis crassiusculis 1.2-1.4 mm. latis. .1. B. Ahnnei. /. Folia lanceolata vel oblongo-lanceolata vel lanceolato- ovata, caudato-acuminata, petiolis tenuibus 0.6-0.8 mm. latis. g. Achaenia plerumque lineari-fusiformia, corpore 2-3 mm. longa et 0.7 rarius usque ad 1 mm. lata, calva vel brevissime 1- vel 2-aristata aristis adrecte his- pidulis et usque ad 0.3 mm. longis; planta ex insulis Marquesas 2. B. polycephala. g. Achaenia lineari-oblonga, corpore 3.5-5 mm. longa et 1.25 mm. lata, biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis 0.5-1 mm. longis; planta ex insula Raiatea. 3. B. deltoidea. f. Folia angustiora, plerumque anguste lanceolata vel oblongo-lanceolata 13. B. australis. d. Capitula ad anthesin majora. e. Folia plerumque anguste lanceolata vel anguste oblongo- lanceolata. /. Plantae marquesianae. g. Achaeniorum corpora circ. 4 mm. longa. 4. B. Jardinii. g. Achaeniorum corpora circ. 6 mm. longa. 5. B. Bipontina. f. Plantae nee marquesianae nee sandvicenses. g. Capitula pauca (8 in unico ramo). THE GENUS BIDENS 35 h. Folia tenuiter petiolata; involucri bracteis exteri- oribus 3-6 mm. longis, patentibus reflexisve; achaeniis dense erecto-hispidis . .15. B. Mathewsii. h. Folia alato-petiolata; involucri bracteis exterioribus 8-12 mm. longis, adpressis; achaeniis porriginosis. 19. B. orofenensis. g. Capitula numerosiora. h. Folia unico latere 20-40 (raro -75) -dentata; capi- tulis 6-7.5 mm. latis et 3-4 mm. altis; involucri bracteis exterioribus circ. 1 mm. longis interioribus circ. 2 mm. longis; floribus ligulatis 2-3 mm. longis. 13. B. anstmlis. h. Folia unico latere 6-17-dentata; capitulis 15 mm. latis et 6 mm. altis; involucri bracteis exterioribus circ. 3 mm. longis interioribus circ. 3.5 mm. longis; floribus ligulatis circ. 8 mm. longis. 12. B. mooreensis. /. Plantae sandvicenses; achaeniorum corporibus 8-11.5 mm. longis. g. Involucri bracteae exteriores 1-2 mm. longae; capitulis numerosis; multis foliis divisis; floribus ligulatis plerumque 3-5. h. Capitula distantia, planta lanaiensi. 21. B. distans. h. Capitula congesta, planta molokaiensi. 52. B. micrantha var. caduca. g. Involucri bracteae exteriores 2-5 mm. longae; capitulis vix numerosis; foliis plerumque indivisis; floribus ligulatis 7-8. h. Achaeniorum aristae sub corporis apice positae. 20. B. hawaiensis. h. Achaeniorum aristae ex apice ipso ortae. 35. B. Skottsbergii var. conglutinata. e. Folia latiora. /. Folia subtus pubescentia. g. Folia utrinque pubescentia 7. B. Beckiana. g. Folia supra sparsim pubescentia vel demum sub- glabrata 8. B. cordifolia. /. Folia plus minusve glabra (hie stant etiam f ormae depressae sarmentosae humiles simplicifoliae Bidentis graciloidis). 36 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI g. Caules ramive plus minusve glauci; plantis sandvicen- sibus. h. Involucri bracteae exteriores 1-2.5 mm. longae. i. Folia simplicia ovata vel rhomboideo-ovata. 26. B. ctenophylla. i. Folia simplicia oblongo-lanceolata. ;. Achaeniorum aristae sub corporis apice positae. 20. B. hawaiensis. j. Achaeniorum aristae ex apice ipso ortae. 35. B. Skottsbergii var. conglutinata. h. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 4-5 mm. longae. 23. B. asymmetrica. g. Caules ramive interdum pallidi (B. Populifolia) sed non glauci. h. Folia plus minusve ovato-lanceolata vel ovata, basaliter cuneata vel rotundata raro vix subcor- data, petiolis 0.5-3 cm. longis; plantis non sand- vicensibus. i. Capitula ad anthesin 3.3-4 cm. lata; foliis acriter serrata 17. B. Henryi. i. Capitula angustiora. j. Folia leviter vel obsolete serrulata vel subin- tegra. k. Achaenia alata, 2.3-3 mm. lata. 9. B. hivoana. k. Achaenia exalata, circ. 1 mm. lata. 10. B. hendersonensis et var. oenoensis. j. Folia acriter serrata. k. Folia crassiuscula; planta e Tahiti. 18. B. glabrata. k. Folia membranacea. I. Achaenia exalata. w. Achaenia corpore 5-10 mm. longa. n. Achaenia exaristata, corpore 9-10 mm. longa; involucri bracteis exteri- oribus perspicue spathulatis quam interioribus longioribus; planta ex insula Raiatea. . . .14. B. raiateensis. THE GENUS BIDENS 37 n. Achaenia biaristata, corpore 5-8 mm. longa; involucri bracteis exterioribus oblongo-linearibus quam interioribus paulo brevioribus; planta ex insula Pitcairn 15. B. Mathewsii. m. Achaenia corpore 2.5-4.5 mm. longa. n. Achaenia plerumque biaristata, cor- pore 3.8-4.5 mm. longa; planta ex insula Tahiti .... 16. B. aoraiensis. n. Achaenia vix vel non aristata, corpore circ. 2.5 mm. longa; planta ex insula Hiva Oa 6. B. collina. L Achaenia crassiusculo-marginata vel -alata, marginibus apice in aristas productis. 27. B. glandulifera. h. Folia si simplicia ovata, basi subcordata vel cordata ; petiolis usque ad 6 vel etiam ad 10 cm. longis. i. Planta ex insulis marquesianis; foliis subtus secundum rachidis basim caespitose hispidis. 33. 5. uapensis. i. Plantae ex insula Oahu; foliis glabris. y. Folia obtuse dentata; achaeniis anguste lineari- bus, exalatis, corpore 7-12 mm. longis. 34. B. Populifolia. j. Folia acriter dentata; achaeniis late linearibus, saepe alatis, corpore 1.2-2 cm. longis. 28. B. macrocarpa var. ovatifolia. h. Folia si simplicia oblongo-ovata, basi late cuneata; petiolis circ. 1-3 cm. longis; planta ex insula Hawaii 35. B. Skottsbergii. b. Folia plerumque divisa. c. Capitula magna, ad anthesin 5 cm. lata; stylis 6-10 mm. antheras superantibus, ramis abrupte longo-caudatis. 60. B. Cosmoides. c. Capitula minora, plerumque solis stylorum ramis supra antheras projectis. d. Folia bipinnatim divisa, segmentis ultimis angustis (vel in B. waianensi interdum lata). e. Plantae decumbentes vel adscendentes. 38 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI /. Capitula solitaria vel longe pedunculata. 56. B. mauiensis var. lanaiensis. f. Capitula corymbosa vel paniculata. 55. B. Hillebrandiana. e. Plantae erectae. /. Pedicellae pedunculique minimi dense et insigniter albido-pubescentes 26. B. ctenophylla. f. Pedicellae vel pedunculi glabri. g. Achaenia spiraliter volubilia vel torta; foliorum segmentis late linearibus vel latioribus. 54. B. waianensis. g. Achaenia recta vel paululum torta, corpore 8-13 mm. longa, foliorum segmentis linearibus vel filiformibus, vel raro latioribus ac dentibus elongatis angustis perspicue dentatis. 53. B. Menziesii et var. filiformis et var. leptodonta. g. Achaenia recta vel subrecta, corpore 6-9 mm. longa; foliorum principalium segmentis rhomboideo-ovatis vel cuneate lineari-lanceolatis, dentibus non elongatis. 37. B. sandvicensis var. typica f. compositior. g. Achaenia recta vel subrecta, corpore circ. 3-7.5 mm. longa. h. Achaenia corpore 6-7.5 mm. longa. 36. B. obtusiloba. h. Achaenia corpore circ. 3 mm. longa. 32. B. pulchella. d. Folia ternatim vel pinnatim divisa, vel interdum imperfecte bipinnata. e. Plantae decumbentes vel adscendentes. /. Capitula solitaria vel longe pedunculata. 56. B. mauiensis etiam var. cuneatoides et var. media, f. Capitula cymosa, corymbosa, vel paniculata. g. Paleae usque ad 1 cm. longae, achaenia matura biaris- tata superantes 55. B. Hillebrandiana. g. Paleae multo breviores atque achaeniis plerumque exaristatis multo superatae. h. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 1.1-1.5 cm. lata. 25. B. graciloides. h. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 6-8 mm. lata. 22. B. Degeneri var. Apioides et f . filicifolia. THE GENUS BIDENS 39 e. Plantae erectae. /. Achaeniorum aristae principales plerumque infra cor- poris apicem ortae et corporis marginibus continuae, vel deficientes. g. Achaenia valde torta 54. B. waianensis. g. Achaenia recta vel paulum curvata. h. Achaenia angusta (0.5-1.7 mm. lata), atra, exalata vel rarius subalata; capitulis ad anthesin 4-6 mm. alta et 1.5-2 cm. lata. i. Capitula numerosa, saepe dense corymbosa vel paniculata; achaeniis maturis plerumque ad facies et margines glabris. j. Ligulae apice saepe profundissime incisae; achaeniis inferne plerumque 1-3-setosis, setis elongatis erectis partim adnatis. 26. B. ctenophylla. j. Ligulae non vel tantum moderate dentatae; setis basalibus elongatis partim adnatis utro- que margini achaeniorum deficientibus. k. Achaenia matura perspicue ac intense nigra; involucri bracteis exterioribus tantum circ. 1.5 mm. longis 52. B. micrantha et var. kaalana et var. laciniata. k. Achaenia matura atra vel parce nigra sed non intense perspicueque nigra. I. Involucri bracteae exteriores tantum 1-2 mm. longae. m. Ligulae elliptico-oblongae, aegre denti- culatae, 1.5-3 mm. latae; achaeniis glabris. n. Capitula distantia, planta lanaiensi. 21. B. distans. n. Capitula congesta, planta molokaiensi. 52. B. micrantha var. caduca. m. Ligulae cuneato-obovatae, dentatae vel lobulatae, 3-5 mm. latae; achaeniis basim versus lateraliter erecto-setosis. 40. B. fecunda. 40 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI I. Involucri bracteae exteriores plerumque 2.3-5 mm. longae. m. Foliola non nisi inferiora petiolulata. 38. B. conjuncta. m. Foliola normaliter tenui-petiohilata. 40. B. fecunda. i. Capitula p'auciora, cymoso-corymbosa vel hac atque iliac sparsa; achaeniis maturis atris ac non nitidis, ad margines setosis. 51. B. waimeana. h. Achaenia matura saepe latiora, subbrunnea vel brunneo-nigra, saepe alata; capitulis ad anthesin 7-15 mm. altis et 2-3 cm. latis. i. Capitula ad anthesin 7-8 mm. alta et circ. 3 cm. lata; involucri bracteis subaequalibus circ. 6 mm. longis; floribus ligulatis 1-1.6 cm. longis; floribus tubulosis 15-20. . . .28. B. macrocarpa. i. Capitula ad anthesin 8-15 mm. alta et circ. 2 vel vix 2.5 cm. lata; involucri bracteis exteriorfbus minoribus plerumque 1.5-3 mm. longis; floribus ligulatis 6-9 mm. longis; floribus tubulosis 30-45. 29. B. magnidisca. /. Achaeniorum aristae deficientes vel principales plerum- que ex apice ipso ortae. g. Involucri immaturi bracteae exteriores reflexae; involu- cro interiore perspicuo et ei Cosmidis bipinnati Cav. simili 50. B. amplectens. g. Involucri immaturi bracteae exteriores erectae vel patentes. h. Capitula plerumque solitaria, pedunculis usque ad 11 cm. longis, bracteis exterioribus valde foliaceis. 48. B. valida. h. Capitula ac bracteae exteriores diversae. i. Achaenia spiraliter volubilia vel valde torta. j. Achaenia plerumque per 3-5 revolutiones voluta. 44. B. torta. j. Achaenia plerumque per 0.6-2 revolutiones voluta. k. Folia caulina 3-5-partita. THE GENUS BIDENS 41 1. Capitula numerosa, parva, ad anthesin 3.5-6 mm. alta et circ. 0.9-1.5 (rarius -2) cm. lata. m. Foliola saepius ovato-lanceolata vel late oblongo-lanceolata, apice saepius sub- obtusa vel tantum breviter acuminata. n. Foliola juvenia plerumque pilis numerosis fulvescentibus vel etiam ferrugineis obsita; achaeniis 0.6-0.8 mm. latis, exaristatis. 45. B. fulvescens. n. Foliola primo glaberrima; achaeniis 1-1.7 mm. latis, biaristata aristis tenuibus db 1 mm. longis. 23. B. asymmetrica. m. Foliola lanceolata breviter vel longe acuminata, primo viridia. n. Folia (petiolis inclusis) principalia 5-13 cm. longa 39. B. Wiebkei. n. Folia (petiolis inclusis) principalia 1-2.5 dm. longa 43. B. Forbesii. 1. Capitula pauca, ad anthesin majora, 6-12 mm. alta et 2 cm. latajfoliisprincipali- bus (petiolis inclusis) 1-2.5 dm. longis. w. Achaenia apice calva vel irregulariter 1-2-aristata aristis usque ad circ. 1.3 mm. longis 46. B. Campylotheca. m. Achaenia biaristata aristis longis (4 mm.), filiformibus, deciduis. 47. B. nematocera. k. Folia caulina plerumque 5-7-partita. 1. Foliorum caulinorum foliola inferiora saepe alternata; achaeniis anguste linearibus, apicem versus anguste elongatis. 24. B. cervicata. L Foliorum caulinorum foliola inferiora ple- rumque opposita; achaeniis superne tan- tum paulum angustatis. 42 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI m. Internodia longa; foliis paucis et mag- nis; capitulis paucis, pansis ad anthesin 3-4 cm. latis. 46. B. Campylotheca var. pentamera. w. Internodia brevia; foliis plerumque sub- numerosis, magnitudinis mediae; capi- tulis plerumque numerosissimis, unico specimine in herbario 50-200 ferente, his pansis ad anthesin tantum circ. 1.5-2 cm. latis 54. B. waianensis. i. Achaenia recta, curvata, vel tantum paulum torta. j. Inflorescentiae rami late patentes, 1-pauci-capi- tulati; internodiis caulis ac ramorum ple- rumque longis. 46. B. Campylotheca et var. pentamera. j. Habitus diversus. k. Folia principalia plerumque 3-partita. I. Foliola anguste lanceolata, crenato-serrata, terminali apice longo-attenuato ; capitulis non numerosis 31. B. Asplenioides. 1. Foliola lanceolata vel ovata (et non elonga- tiora nisi cum capitulis numerosis), acute serrata, terminale apicaliter acutum vel acuminatum sed non longo-attenua- tum. m. Capitula ad anthesin minuta, 6-8 mm. lata et 4-5 mm. alta. 22. B. Degeneri var. Apioides. m. Capitula ad anthesin majora. n. Caulis (basi excepta) et rami acute tetragoni, superne herbacei. o. Foliola lateralia plerumque sessilia; achaenii corpore 10-16.5 mm. longo. p. Involucri bracteae exteriores 1.5- 2 (raro -2.5) mm. longae; achae- niiscirc. 0.7-0.8 mm. latis, exaris- tatis 45. B. fulvescens. THE GENUS BIDENS 43 p. Involucri bracteae exteriores 2-7 (plerumque 4-6) mm. longae; achaeniis circ. 1 mm. latis, plerumque aristatis. 38. B. conjuncta. o. Foliola petiolulata ; capitulis numero- sissimis; achaenii corpore 10-12.5 mm. longo 40. B. fecunda. o. Foliorum majorum principalium foli- ola lateralia petiolulata; achaenii corpore 6-10 mm. longo. p. Capitula demum in herbarii speci- minibus siccis dense adgregata ac plerumque inter se tangentia, aequaliter vel subaequaliter edita 41. B. coartata. p. Capitula demum in herbarii speci- minibus siccis sparsa, rariter inter se tangentia, nee in eodem nee fere eodem aequo stantia. 37. B. sandvicensis. n. Caulis et rami rotundato-tetragoni, superne vix herbacei. o. Achaenia matura plus minusvetorta. p. Achaeniorum aristae deficientes vel usque ad 1 mm. longae. 23. B. asymmetrica. p. Achaeniorum aristae elongatae et inaequaliter flexuosae usque ad 4 mm. longae. 47. B. nematocera. o. Achaenia matura recta vel curvata, non torta. p. Involucri bracteae exteriores ple- rumque fere vel interdum plene interioribus aequales. 51. B. waimeana. p. Involucri bracteae exteriores quam interiores tertio vel dimi- dio breviores. 25. B. graciloides. 44 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI k. Folia principalia saepius 5-partita. /. Capitula 2-5-adgregata, ramis tenuibus longis erectis nudis gesta, separatim pedimculata pedunculis plurime 2-5.5 cm. longis; ad anthesin 7-8 mm. alta. 49. B. Stokesii. L Capitula cymoso-corymbosa vel paniculata, pedunculis vel pedicellis plurime breviori- bus; ad anthesin plerumque 4.5-7 mm. alta. m. Achaenia plerumque glabra, vel superne sparsim setosa. n. Foliola anguste lanceolata, crenato- serrata, terminale apicaliter longo- attenuatum; herba ex insula Niihau (insularum Sandvicensium). 31. B. Asplenioides. n. Foliola moderate vel late linearia. o. Pedicellae pedunculique glabri. 42. B. Salicoides. o. Pedicellae pedunculique albido- pubescentes. . . .26. B. ctenophylla. n. Foliola lanceolata vel ovata, acute serrata, terminale apicaliter acutum acuminatumve sed non longo-attenu- atum 37. B. sandvicensis. m. Achaenia marginibus moderate vel copi- ose setosa. n. Plantae plerumque 2-5 dm. altae. o. Inflorescentia manifeste supra folia exserta 30. B. micranthoides. o. Inflorescentia (totius plantae et non solius rami) non manifeste supra folia exserta .... 25. B. graciloides. n. Plantae plerumque 4-9 dm. altae. o. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 2.6-3.1 cm. lata; achaeniis perspicue aris- tatis (aristis circ. 4 mm. longis). 47. B. nematocera. THE GENUS BIDENS 45 o. Capitula pansa ad anthesin usque ad 1.5 cm.lata;achaeniorum aristis deficientibus vel usque ad circ. 1 mm. longis. p. Habitu B. asymmetricae adpro- pinquans; foliis pinnatis, foliolis ovato-lanceolatis, foliolo termi- nal! folii majoris omnino circ. 6-16-dentato . . 51. B. waimeana. p. Habitu B. sandvicensi adpropin- quans. q. Folia pinnata, foliolis ovatis vel lanceolatis vel saepius ovato- lanceolatis, foliolo terminali folii majoris omnino circ. 22- 26-dentato. 37. B. sandvicensis var. setosa. q. Foliola inferiora saepius rursus partita, alia plerumque line- aria, foliolo terminali folii majoris omnino circ. 2-8- dentato ... 37. B. sandvicensis var. imminuta. a. Plantae in America boreali centralique etiam in insulis Occidentali-Indicis crescentes. b. Herbae vel frutices perennes, scandentes, achaeniis linearibus biaristatis plus minusve planis longe ciliatis. c. Folia totius plantae plerumque indivisa. d. Achaenia corpore 8-13 mm. longa . . 71. B. segetum var. patula. d. Achaenia corpore 1-2.2 cm. longa 72. B. Shrevei. c. Folia plerumque divisa. d. Involucri bracteae exteriores 9-15 mm. longae. e. Folia tripartita 73. B. Holwayi. e. Folia bipinnata vel tripinnatisecta 69. B. Gentryi. d. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3-8 mm. longae. e. Folia principalia pinnatim 3-7-partita. /. Foliolum terminale anguste lanceolatum; caule pilis densis pubescenti ; planta jamaicensi .... 64. B. incisa. 46 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI /. Foliolum terminale latius; caule glabro vel tomentoso. g. Planta antillana, rarissime alibi crescens . .63. B.reptans. g. Planta Americae septentrionalis australisque, rarissime antillana. .65. B. squarrosa (et raro 71. B. segetum}. e. Folia principalia 2-3-pinnata. 63. B. reptans var. Urbanii et var. dissecta. 6. Non scandentes (sed apud B. clarendonensem longe repentes). c. Capitula perspicue radiata floribus ligulatis maxima ex parte flavis vel aurantiacis. d. Achaenia aristata aristis retrorsum hamosis (raro caducis). e. Flores ligulati rubido-aurantiaci ; achaeniis validis, acute quadrangulatis, plus minusve recurvatis, plerumque 4-aristatis 138. B. Sambucifolia. e. Flores ligulati flavi. /. Achaenia omnia valde cuneata, non alato-marginata. g. Capitula hemisphaerica, ad anthesin plerumque cer- nua; involucri bracteis exterioribus reflexis vel vix adscendentibus; achaeniis transversim rhomboideis, faciebus graciliter atque obscure striatis, saepe tuberculatis. h. Achaenia arcuata, valde carinata, cortice pallido marginata; paleis apice plerumque flavidis; ligulis usque ad circ. 1.7 cm. longis vel deficientibus; capitulis demum saepius cernuis. 92. B. cernua et var. oligodonta. h. Achaenia recta, plana, non cortice-marginata; paleis apice rubidis; ligulis 1.5-3 cm. longis; capitulis raro cernuis 93. B. laevis. g. Capitula campanulata vel subhemisphaerica, ad anthe- sin erecta; involucri bracteis erectis adscendentibus; achaeniis biconvexis, grosse perspicueque striatis, non tuberculatis. . . .94. B. hyperborea et varietates. /. Achaenia exteriora obovata vel cuneato-obovata, mar- gine plerumque interrupte crassiusculo-alata. g. Involucri bracteae exteriores 8-10, saepius laeves vel leviter ciliatae, 0.5-1.2 cm. longae. 78. B. aristosa var. Fritcheyi. THE GENUS BIDENS 47 g. Involucri bracteae exteriores plerumque 15-20, per- spicue hispido-ciliatae, 1-2.7 cm. longae. 79. B. polylepis var. retrorsa. f. Achaenia omnia magis elongata, plerumque cuneato- linearia vel anguste linearia. g. Ligulae plerumque bicolores, basi purpureae alibi flavae 158. B. bicolor. g. Ligulae unius colons. h. Folia simplicia (raro formae simplicifoliae B. aureae stant hie). i. Folia oblongo-ovata vel oblongo-lanceolata, mar- gine integra vel raro 1-dentata; caule erecto. 101. B. integrifolia. i. Folia ovato-lanceolata, serrata, petiolo adjecto plerumque 1.5-4 cm. longa; caulibus procum- bentibus vel adscendentibus, 1-7 dm. longis; planta numquam in india occidental! crescente. 150. B. triplinervia. i. Folia rhomboideo-ovata, grosse serrata 5-16 dentibus in unico latere, petiolo adjecto 5-10 cm. longa; caulibus repentibus, usque ad 4 m. longis; planta jamaicensi. 61. B. clarendonensis. i. Folia linearia; caule erecto. 146. B. angustissima var. Linifolia. h. Folia divisa. i. Herbae annuae vel biennes. j. Planta demissa, saepe ramosissima, plerumque 1-2.5 dm. alta, foliis petiolo adjecto 1-5 (rarius -7.5) cm. longis . 147. B. Anthemoides. j. Planta erecta, moderate ramosa, plerumque altior, foliis saepius 0.5-2 dm. longis. k. Achaenia interiora corpore 10-16 mm. longa. 154. B. serrulata. k. Achaenia omnia corpore 4-7 mm. longa. I. Folia principalia plerumque indivisa vel 3-5-partita, rarissime bipinnata. m. Planta 3 dm. alta; foliis petiolo ad- jecto 1.5-1.8 cm. longis; capitulis ad 48 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI anthesin circ. 1.5-1.8 cm. latis; floribus ligulatis plerumque 8. 98. B. Coreocarpoides. m. Planta plerumque 5-10 dm. alta; foliis petiolo adjecto 0.8-2.2 dm. longis; capitulis ad anthesin 2-5 cm. latis; floribus ligulatis plerumque 5 vel 6. 100. B. aurea. L Folia principalia bi- vel subtripinnata. 97. B. Ferulae/olio, et varietates. i. Herbae perennes. j. Involucri bracteae exteriores 10-20. k. Folia principalia tripartita foliolis plus mi- nusve ovatis 156. B. chiapensis. k. Folia principalia bipinnatisecta segmentis plus minusve linearibus. 155. B. Geraniifolia. j. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-10. k. Flores ligulati fertiles. L Folia tripartita, foliolis ovatis vel rhomboi- deo-ovatis 157. B. Ostruthioides. I. Folia bipinnatisecta vel biternatisecta folio- lis segmentisve cuneato-lanceolatis. 157. B. Ostruthioides var. costaricensis. L Folia bipinnatim dissecta segmentis longis filiformibus 141. B. nudata. k. Flores ligulati steriles. I. Foliola angustissime linearia, plerumque 0.3-0.6 mm. lata. .146. B. angustissima. L Foliola latiora. m. Flores ligulati 5 vel 6. n. Foliorum segmenta primaria subfla- belliformia 152. B. insolita. n. Foliorum segmenta primaria non sub- flabelliformia . 150. B. triplinerviavar. macrantha et var. mollis. m. Flores ligulati 7-10. THE GENUS BIDENS 49 w. Involucri bracteae exteriores 9-12 mm. longae 69. B. Gentryi. n. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3-7 mm. longae . . . 153. B. canescens (ac 147a. B. Muelleri et rarissima 150. B. tripli- nervia var. macrantha f. octoradiata). d. Achaenia exaristata vel aristata aristis calvis vel antrorsum setosis. e. Achaenia exteriora late cuneata vel cuneato-obovata. /. Achaenia nigra corpore 2.5-4.5 mm. longa; involucri bracteis exterioribus 7-10 81. B. mitis. f. Achaenia brunnea vel subnigra, corpore 5-7.5 mm. longa. g. Involucri bracteae exteriores 8-10, glabrae vel mode- rate ciliatae, quam interiores breviores. 78. B. aristosa et var. mutica. g. Involucri bracteae exteriores 12-20, valde ciliatae vel grosse hispidae, quam interiores plerumque longiores. 79. B. polylepis. e. Achaenia exteriora anguste cuneata vel linearia. /. Folia indivisa, nitido-subcoriacea, rhomboideo-ovata; caulibus repentibus, usque ad 4 m. longis. 61. B. clarendonensis. f. Folia divisa. 0. Planta demissa, saepe ramosissima, plerumque 1-2.5 dm. alta 147. B. Anthemoides. g. Plantae erectae, moderate ramosae, altiores. h. Achaeniorum corpus et aristae similes soliditate; aristae transversim triangulatae. 80. B. coronata et var. tenuiloba* h. Achaeniorum corpus et aristae soliditate dissimiles; aristae transversim teretes. i. Involucri bracteae exteriores apicem versus plus minusve dilatatae, 1-2 mm. longae. 82. B. Oerstediana. i. Involucri bracteae exteriores usque ad apicem lineares, 3-7 mm. longae. j. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 12, plerumque 5-7 mm. longae 151. 5. acrifolia. 50 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI y. Involucri bracteae exteriores 6-8, plerumque 3-5 mm. longae 96. B. Schaffneri. c. Capitula discoidea vel subradiata vel perspicue radiata ligulis albis vel rosaceis vel rubris sed non vere flavis. d. Achaenia late vel anguste cuneata, sub apice non angustata. 1 e. Achaeniorum corpus striatum; foliis simplicibus vel pro- funde incisis vel (apud B. tripartitam) 3-5-partitis. /. Achaenia marginibus antrorsum hamosa, saltern basi ipsa. g. Capitula terminalia 8-30-flora. h. Achaenia fere linearia, transversim plano-convexa, copiose pubescentia, sine costis medianis; aristis angustissimis, patentibus, vix dimidio quam cor- pore brevioribus 76. B. Bidentoides. h. Achaenia plana vel biconvexa, sparsim pubescentia, costis medianis perspicuis; aristis crassioribus, longitudine non plus tertia parte corporis. i. Capitula terminalia saltern 8 mm. longa. 77. B. Eatonii et varietates. i. Capitula terminalia 4-7 mm. longa. X B. multiceps (p. 208). g. Capitula terminalia 30-60-flora. h. Achaenia saltern matura ad apicem tetragona. 87. B. connata et varietates. h. Achaenia plana 88. B. heterodoxa. /. Achaenia marginibus retrorsum hamosa pro tota longi- tudine. g. Achaenia apice convexa ac cartilaginea. h. Capitula hemisphaerica, ad anthesin plerumque cernua; involucri bracteis exterioribus reflexis, patentibus vel parce adscendentibus ; achaeniis transversim rhomboideis, graciliter obscureque striatis, saepe tuberculatis. i. Achaenia recta planaque, non valde carinata, sine marginibus corticis pallidae; paleis ad api- cem rubidis; floribus ligulatis 1.5-3 cm. longis. 93. B. laevis. 1 For purposes of comparison, the steps under this d have been made to correspond rather closely with those in Fassett's "A key to the northeastern American species of Bidens" (Rhodora 27: 184-185. 1925). THE GENUS BIDENS 51 i. Achaenia arcuata, valde carinata, cortice pallida marginata; paleis ad apicem flavidis; floribus ligulatis usque ad 1.7 cm. longis. 92. B. cernua et var. oligodonta. h. Capitula campanulata vel subhemisphaerica, ad anthesin erecta; achaeniis biconvexis, grosse ac profunde striatis, non tuberculatis. 94. B. hyperborea et varietates. g. Achaenia apice nee convexa nee cartilaginea. h. Folia principalia 3-5-secta vel -partita. i. Flores ligulati 8-11, circ. 3.5-8 mm. longi ; foliorum lamina segmentisve profunde atque acerrime incisis vel inciso-dentatis . . .91. B. amplissima. i. Capitula normaliter discoidea (rarissime sub- radiata) ; foliis normaliter 3-5-partitis, segmentis serratis dentatisve sed non plerumque incisis. 89. B. tripartite,. h. Folia simplicia 86. B. comosa. e. Achaeniorum corpus non striatum; foliis saltern 1-2- pinnatis, foliolo terminali plerumque petiolulato. /. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3-5 (plerumque 4), non evidenter ciliatae 83. B. discoidea. f. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-16, regulariter copioseque ciliatae. g. Involucri bracteae exteriores 10-16; interiores quam discus breviores; achaeniis brunneis vel olivaceis. 85. B. vulgata et varietates. g. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-8; interiores disco aequales; achaeniis subnigris. 84. B. frondosa et varietates. d. Achaenia linearia vel clavata sed numquam manifeste cuneata, supra saepe attenuata. e. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3 vel 4, pro capitulo longis- simae (1-2.5 cm.), nonnullae valde foliaceae atque irregu- lariter 1-2-pinnatim partitae 124. B. Lemmonii. e. Involucri bracteae exteriores simplices. /. Achaeniorum aristae 3-5, regulariter una duaeve erectae reliquae reflexae 137. B. riparia. 52 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI /. Achaenia exaristata vel aristata aristis inter se non regulariter diverse spectantibus. g. Foliorum segmenta plerumque linearia vel capilli- formia. h. Herba perennis; floribus ligulatis 8-10, apice trun- cate grosse dentatis, 1.3-1.6 cm. longis. 145. B. Pringlei. h. Herbae annuae. i. Flores tubulosi pauci, plerumque 5-13. ;. Foliorum medianorum ac superiorum segmenta lineari-filiformia 0.5-1 mm. lata. 121. B. heterosperma. j. Foliorum medianorum ac superiorum segmenta multo latiora 114. B. leptocephala. i. Flores tubulosi multo numerosiores. y. Capitulorum juvenilium discus saltern dimidio bracteis exterioribus brevior; foliorum seg- mentis linearissimis 0.5-1 mm. latis. 125. B. capillifolia. y. Capitulorum juvenilium discus bracteis exteri- oribus fere vel plene aequalis. k. Involucri bracteae exteriores sub apice ple- rumque dilatatae;ligulisalbidis vel rosaceis. 132. B. pilosa var. bimucronata f. odorata et var. calcicola f. dissecta. k. Involucri bracteae exteriores sub apice raro dilatatae; ligulis flavis. .118. B. tenuisecta. g. Foliorum segmenta anguste lanceolata vel latiora. h. Achaenia omnia etiam primum exaristata. i. Achaenia omnia valde clavata, glabra; ligulis rosaceis 109. B. mollifolia. i. Achaenia non clavata, supra antrorsum hispida; ligulis albidis vel flavidis 111. B. Brandegeei. h. Achaenia saltern interiora aristata. i. Achaenia pauca, plerumque 5-14. y. Achaenia matura plerumque plus minusve recurvata, superne late distantia. THE GENUS BIDENS 53 A;. Achaenia interiora corpore plerumque 12-21 mm. longa 107. B. Anthriscoides. k. Achaenia interiora corpore plerumque 7-10 mm. longa 105. B. oligantha. j. Achaenia matura recta vel subrecta, non superne distantia. k. Flores ligulati deficientes vel circ. 3, tantum circ. 2.5 mm. longi . . . 114. B. leptocephala. k. Flores ligulati circ. 5, plerumque 5-7 mm. longi. I. Folia pinnatim 3-5-partita. ra. Achaenia exteriora badia rubrave. 104. B. amphicarpa. m. Achaenia omnia atra . 103. B. oligocarpa. I. Folia 2-3-pinnatisecta. 131. B. pseudalausensis. i. Achaenia plerumque 16-50. y. Flores ligulati pro capitulo perspicui, albi vel rosacei. k. Involucri bracteae exteriores 7-9. I. Ligulae rosaceae ac caules adscendentes vel plus minusve repentes, 1.5-4 dm. longi. 108. B. Chrysanthemifolia. I. Nunc ligulae albidae vel rosaceae ac caules erectae, nunc caules repentes subscanden- tesve ac ligulae albae . . 132. B. pilosa var. radiata, var. bimucronata, et var. calcicola. k. Involucri bracteae exteriores 9-16. 112. B. aequisquama. j. Flores ligulati minuti vel deficientes. k. Achaeniorum maturorum aristae 5-7 mm. longae ac divaricatae 117. B. cornuta. k. Achaeniorum aristae usque ad 4 mm. longae vel deficientes. 1. Achaenia plerumque recurvata; aristis 4-6. 136. B. Cynapiifolia et varietates. I. Achaenia recta vel subrecta. m. Folia simplicia vel simpliciter pinnata. 54 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI n. Achaenia valde dimorpha; nonnulla exteriora clavata, badia vel rubro- straminea, corpore tantum circ. 4.5- 5.5 mm. longa. 113. B. Bigelovii var. pueblensis. n. Achaenia plus minusve similia. o. Folia 5-partita foliolo terminal! circ. 2-3 cm. longo et 1-1.3 cm. lato; achaeniis plerumque 2-aristatis. 134. B. domingensis. o. Folia simplicia vel 3-partita, lamina vel foliolo terminali 3.5-8 cm. longa et 2-4 cm. lata; achaeniis plerumque 3-4-aristatis. 128. B. tenera et var. paucidentata. o. Folia rarissime simplicia plerumque 3-5-partita, lamina vel foliolo terminali plerumque 2-10 cm. longo, achaeniis 25-40, plerumque 2-3 (rarius 4-5) -aristatis. 132. B. pilosa et var. minor. m. Folia foliolis saltern imis 2-3-pinnata. w. Involucri bracteae exteriores 2-3 mm. longae; achaeniorum interiorum cor- pore 6-12 mm. longo; planta mexi- cana 129. B. duranginensis. n. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3-7.5 mm. longae. o. Achaenia dimorpha, exteriora cla- vata, rubido-badia vel rubido- nigra, corpore tantum circ. 4-7 mm. longa, saepe setosiora; interi- orum maturorum corporibus 8-12 mm. longis. p. Folia tripartita interdum termi- nalibus interdum omnibus seg- mentis 3-5-partitis, lobis ob- longis vel cuneatis; involucri bracteis exterioribus 6-9; achae- THE GENUS BIDENS 55 niorum interiorum aristis saepe 3, circ. 1.5-3 mm. longis. . .113. B. Bigelomi et var. pueblensis. p. Folia 1-2-pinnata, segmentis pri- mariis lateralibus circ. 2 jugis, superioribus simplicibus inferi- oribus saepius tripartitis, seg- mentis lanceolatis acriter serratis; involucri bracteis ex- terioribus 8-12; achaeniorum interiorum aristis 2, circ. 1-1.5 mm. longis . . 99. B. Townsendii. o. Achaenia inter se similia vel sub- similia, corpore quam 12 mm. saepe longiora; involucri bracteis exterioribus 3-5 mm. longis. p. Aristae erecto-patentes . . 115. B. bipinnata et var. biternatoides. p. Aristae erectae vel suberectae. 133. B. subalternans. a. Plantae austro-americanae. b. Flores ligulati plerumque brunneo-rubri vel purpurei, sicci saepe plus minusve cinnamomei. c. Capitula pansa ad anthesin circ. 2.5-3 cm. lata; achaeniis valde tetragonis 3-4-aristatis aristis retrorsum et saepe oculis pectinatim hamosis 139. B. Gardneri. c. Capitula pansa ad anthesin circ. 4 cm. lata; achaeniorum sub- tetragonorum aristis abortivis . . 143. B. Riedelii et var. hirsuta. b. Flores ligulati diversi vel deficientes. c. Herbae vel frutices perennes plerumque scandentes. d. Folia indivisa. e. Capitula pansa ad anthesin circ. 1.5-2 cm. lata; foliis 1-3 cm. latis 62. B. monticola. e. Capitula pansa ad anthesin plerumque 3-5 cm. lata; foliis 3-5.5 cm. latis. /. Involucri bracteae exteriores numerosae (plerumque 12- 14), spathulato-obovatae, apice rotundae vel obtusis- simae 67. B. simplicifolia. 56 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI /. Involucri bracteae exteriores 7-9, late lineares vel lineari- spathulatae, apice acutae. g. Achaenia corpora 8-13 mm. longa . . 71. B. segetum var. patula (rarissime etiam 65. B. squarrosa}. g. Achaenia corpore 1-2.2 cm. longa 72. B. Shrevei. d. Folia 3-5-partita. e. Omnia folia tantum 2-3.5 cm. longa. .68. B. Vincaefolia. e. Folia longiora. /. Folia plerumque subcoriacea ac rugosa . 66. B. Rubifolia. f. Folia plus minusve membranacea. g. Foliola valde perspicueque caudato-acuminata; achae- niis marginibus glabris 70. B. urophylla. g. Foliola moderate acuminata vel obtusiora; achaeniis ciliatis. h. Foliola plerumque anguste lanceolata raro ovato- lanceolata; achaeniis corpore 8-13 mm. longis. 71. B. segetum. h. Foliola vel ovata vel ovato-lanceolata vel lanceolata, raro angustiora; achaeniis corpore 6-9 mm. longis. 65. B. squarrosa. c. Herbae annuae perennesve, non scandentes. d. Una vel duae aristae erectae reliquae perspicue reflexae. 137. B. riparia et var. refracta. d. Aristae diversae vel deficientes. e. Folia simplicia. /. Capitula discoidea. g. Folia glaberrima. h. Folia principalia (inferiora exclusa) usque ad 3.5 cm. longa et 0.2-1 mm. lata ... 75. B. fistulosa. h. Folia principalia 5-9 cm. longa et 2-3 cm. lata. 74. B. graveolens. g. Folia tomentosa 142. B. brasiliensis. /. Capitula radiata. g. Achaenia anguste cuneata, plana vel 3-4-angulata angulis retrorsum hamosis 93. B. laevis. g. Achaenia elongata et plus minusve lineari-fusiformia, corpore glabra vel antrorsum setosa. THE GENUS BIDENS 57 h. Involucri bracteae exteriores apicem versus plus minusve dilatatae. 132. B. pilosa var. radiata f. indivisa. h. Involucri bracteae exteriores superne angustatae. i. Flores ligulati plerumque 5 vel 6. 150. B. triplinervia. i. Flores ligulati plerumque 8-10. y. Planta 1-2 m. alta; involucri bracteis exteriori- bus 8-14 mm. longis 144. B. Chodati. j. Plantae caules plerumque 2-6 dm. longi; invo- lucri bracteis exterioribus 5-6.5 cm. longis. 148. B. andicola. e. Folia divisa. /. Foliorum segmenta anguste linearia vel flagellaria (hac stat raro etiam . . . 133. B. subalternans var. simulans). g. Capitula discoidea vel vix subradiata. h. Involucri bracteae exteriores 4-7, circ. 2-3 mm. longae; achaeniis corpore 8-13 mm. longis. 122. B. exigua. h. Involucri bracteae exteriores 7-10, circ. 3^4 mm. longae; achaeniis corpore 1-1.4 cm. longis. 140. B. flagellaris. h. Involucri bracteae exteriores 6-8, circ. 4-6 (rarius 8) mm. longae; achaeniis corpore 1-2.4 cm. longis. 130. B. pseudocosmos. g. Capitula radiata. h. Flores ligulati plerumque 4-6. i. Flores ligulati tantum 3-4 mm. longi. 106. B. Andrei, i. Flores ligulati saltern 1 cm. longi. 150. B. triplinervia. h. Flores ligulati plerumque 8 . . 148. B. andicola var. tarijensis f. dissecta (sed vide etiam 150. B. tripli- nerviam var. macrantham f. octoradiatam) . f. Foliorum lamina vel segmenta latiora. g. Capitula perspicue radiata, floribus ligulatis mani- feste flavis ac saltern 1 cm. longis. h. Flores ligulati plerumque 5 vel 6. 150. B. triplinervia et varietates. 58 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI h. Flores ligulati plerumque 8. 148. B. andicola et varietates excl. var. Mandonii. g. Capitula discoidea vel vix subradiata vel etiam radiata sed cum floribus ligulatis albis rosaceisve non vere flavis. h. Involucri bracteae exteriores apicem versus dila- tatae. i. Achaenia interiora corpore 5-6 mm. longa, 2-3- aristata aristis plerumque 1.5-2 mm. longis. 110. B. Abadiae et var. pilosoides. i. Achaenia interiora corpore 6-16 mm. longa, 2-3 (-5) -aristata aristis 2-4 mm. longis. 132. B. pilosa et varietates. h. Involucri bracteae exteriores apicem versus plerum- que non dilatatae. i. Achaenia recurvato-falcata. 136. B. Cynapiifolia et var. portoricensis. i. Achaenia recta. y. Folia principalia unipinnata 3-5 foliolis. k. Achaenia plerumque 2-aristata. I. Herba gracilis, infra simplex; capitulis in fructu circ. 1.5 cm. altis et circ. 1 cm. latis .... 148. B. andicola var. Mandonii. I. Herba subrobusta, infra valde ramosa; capitulis cum fructibus circ. 2-2.4 cm. alta et superne circ. 1-1.8 cm. lata. .148. B. andicola var. Cosmantha f. Buchtienii. k. Achaenia plerumque 3-aristata. 128. B. tenera. k. Achaenia plerumque 4-aristata. /. Achaenia plerumque 6-15 (raro -20); aristis saepius patentibus. 128. B. tenera var. paucidentata. I. Achaenia numerosiora; aristis erectis. 133. B. subalternans var. unipinnata. j. Folia principalia saltern 2-3-pinnata. k. Achaenia exteriora (saltern demum) divari- cata . 136. B. Cynapiifolia var. portoricensis. THE GENUS BIDENS 59 k. Achaenia exteriora semper erecta vel sub- erecta. /. Aristae erectae vel suberectae. TO. Foliola lateralia superiora circumam- bitu ovata, apice obtusa vel subacuta. 135. B. Malmei. TO. Foliola lateralia superiora circumam- bitu lanceolata vel linearia, apice valde acuta vel acuminata. 133. B. subalternans et var. simulans. 1. Aristae patentes 115. B. bipinnata. a. Plantae hemisphaerii orientalis africanae exclusae. b. Achaenia moderate vel late cuneata non linearia, sub apice non angustata. c. Achaenia faciebus striata. d. Achaenia marginibus saltern basi ipsa 1-paucis setis antror- sum munita .... 87. B. connata var. petiolata et var. fallax. d. Achaenia marginibus totam longitudinem retrorsum hamosa. e. Achaenia apice convexa cartilagineaque. /. Folia simplicia; achaeniis quadrangulatis quadriaristatis corpore 5-7.7 mm. longis 92. B. cernua. /. Folia normaliter pinnatim 3-5-partita; achaeniis planis biaristatis corpore 3-3.5 mm. longis ... 90. B. radiata. e. Achaenia apice nee convexa nee cartilaginea. 89. B. tripartita et varietates. c. Achaenia faciebus non striata; foliis pinnatim 3-5-partitis. d. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-8; interiores disco aequales. 84. B. jrondosa. d. Involucri bracteae exteriores 10-16; interiores quam discus breviores 85. B. vulgata. b. Achaenia linearia, apicem versus saepe angustata. c. Capitula perspicue radiata, floribus ligulatis saltern 8 mm. longis. d. Ligulae albae vel ochroleucae . . . 132. B. pilosa var. radiata. d. Ligulae flavae. e. Folia petiolo adjecto 0.8-2.2 dm. longa; involucri bracteis exterioribus 8-17; achaeniis cuneato-linearibus, corpore 4-7 mm. longis 100. B. aurea. 60 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI e. Folia petiolo adjecto plerumque 1.5-4 cm. longa; involucri bracteis exterioribus 5-9 ; achaeniis interioribus linearibus superne attenuates, corpore 6-9 mm. longis. 150. B. triplinervia var. macrantha. c. Capitula discoidea vel debiliter radiata floribus ligulatis plerum- que 2-6 mm. longis. , d. Folia simpliciter pinnata. e. Involucri bracteae exteriores apicem versus plus minusve dilatatae 132. B. pilosa et var. minor. e. Involucri bracteae exteriores superne angustatae et non dilatatae 126. B. biternata et var. glabrata. d. Folia saltern foliolis imis 2-3-pinnata. e. Flores tubulosi 4-lobati, achaeniis 6-13, biaristatis; folio- rum segmentis linearibus vel oblongo-linearibus. 123. B. parviflora. e. Flores tubulosi 5-lobati; achaeniis plerumque 15-35. /. Foliola ima tripartita caetera indivisa, omnia ovata vel lanceolata, multiserrata. 126. B. biternata et var. glabrata. f. Foliola omnia 1-2-pinnata 115. B. bipinnata. a. Plantae africanae. b. Flores ligulati rubidi vel violacei vel purpurei nee (vel sicci false) flavi nee albi. c. Achaenia faciebus glabra; involucri bracteis exterioribus circ. 6-8 166. B. rubra. c. Achaenia faciebus plerumque setosa. d. Ligulae atrorubrae vel atropurpureae .... 168. B. leptolepis. d. Ligulae moderate violaceae 167. B. urceolata. b. Flores ligulati flavi vel raro albi, aut deficientes. c. Foliorum saltern perpauci basales dentes capilliformes vel in setas veras elongatas desinentes; floribus tubulosis siccis ad medium plerumque plus minusve tumidis articulatisve ac fractis, plantis plurime abyssinicis vel eritreanis (raro 188. B. Elliotii adpropinquat). d. Folia simplicia. e. Folia opposita. /. Folia anguste elongato-lanceolata 227. B. superba. THE GENUS BIDENS 61 /. Folia ovata vel anguste elliptica. 226. B. Dielsii et var. medusoides. e. Folia ternatim verticillata 229. B. ternata. d. Folia divisa. e. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 1-2.5 cm. lata et circ. 5 mm. alta. /. Foliorum dentes saepissime seta terminati, involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 8 230. B. setigera. /. Foliorum dentes saepissime non setigeri, involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 6 231. B. setigeroides. e. Capitula majora, saepius 3-5 cm. lata. /. Foliorum segmenta anguste linearia. 219. B. chaetodonta var. glabrior et 225. B. chaetophylla. f. Foliorum segmenta latiora. g. Petioli brevissimi alato-marginati raro usque ad 1 cm. longi 220. B. Rueppellii. g. Petioli plerumque 1-4 cm. longi. h. Involucri bracteae exteriores 16-24; foliorum seg- mentis subtus albescentibus . . . 224. B. Cirsioides. h. Involucri bracteae pauciores; foliorum segmentis subtus viridibus pallidisve sed non albescentibus. i. Folia 3-5-partita foliolis serratis ovatis vel lanceolatis. y. Achaenia corpore 3-4 mm. longa; involucri bracteis exterioribus circ. 6-7 mm. longis. 221. B. Vatkei. y. Achaenia corpore 3.5-4.5 mm. longa; involucri bracteis exterioribus 1.3-1.7 cm. longis; foliis 3-5-partitis 223. B. articulata. j. Achaenia corpore 4-6 mm. longa; involucri bracteis exterioribus 1-1.6 cm. longis; foliis 3-partitis 222. B. rotata. i. Folia 2-3-pinnatisecta foliolis saepius oblongo- linearibus vel lineari-lanceolatis. 219. B. chaetodonta. c. Foliorum dentes numquam (sed pro B. Elliotii interdum imper- fecte) capilliformes nee in setas veras elongatas desinentes. 62 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI d. Herbae annuae, achaeniis apice exaristato plus minusve incrassato-capitatis vel crassiusculo-anulatis. 233. B. praecox. d. Herbae annuae, achaeniis apice non incrassato-capitatis nee crassiusculo-anulatis. e. Capitula valde radiata. /. Flores ligulati 1.2 cm. longi, aristis retrorsum hamosis. 171. B. Schimperi (forsitan etiam 172. B. Onisciformis) . /. Flores ligulati 2-2.5 cm. longi; aristis antrorsum hispi- dulis vel deficientibus. g. Involucrum maturum 2 cm. latum, bracteis exteriori- bus 0.7-2 cm. longis . . 163. B. Steppia et varietates. g. Involucrum maturum 1 cm. latum, bracteis exteri- oribus circ. 4-7.5 mm. longis . . 182. B. kivuensis (vide etiam 161. B. Grantii et var. Scaettae; etiam 163. B. Steppia var. Elskensii). e. Capitula discoidea vel debiliter radiata floribus ligulatis usque ad circ. 7 mm. longis. /. Foliorum segmenta anguste linearia. g. Kami acutissime angulati et fere subalati. 102. B. acuticaulis. g. Kami tantum moderate angulati vel subtetragoni. h. Achaenia exaristata. i. Achaenia circ. 5-7 mm. longa; capitulis pansis ad anthesin 3.5-5.5 cm. latis. 163. B. Steppia var. ambacensis. i. Achaenia 2.2-3.5 mm. longa; capitulis pansis ad anthesin 1.2cm. latis 231. B.setigeroides. h. Achaenia aristata. i. Involucri bracteae exteriores 1-2 mm. longae, interiores 4-5 mm. longae; ligulis manifestis profunde incisis nunc 3-7 nunc 7-13 mm. longis. 95. B. diversa et var. megaglossa. i. Involucri bracteae exteriores demum circ. 4-8 mm. longae. j. Achaenia supra medium sensim angustata; aristis retrorsum hamosis . . 120. B. paupercula. THE GENUS BIDENS 63 j. Achaenia plerumque anguste sed perspicue oblonga; aristis antrorsum hispidis. 119. B. straminoides. /. Foliorum segmenta lineari-lanceolata vel latiora. g. Involucri bracteae exteriores apicem versus plerumque dilatatae. h. Disci flores (et quam ob rem achaenia) 6-12; foliis plurime simplicia 127. B. Engleri. h. Disci flores multo numerosiores; foliis plerumque pinnatim 3-5-partitis . . 132. B. pilosa et varietates. g. Involucri bracteae exteriores apicem versus anguste lineares itaque non dilatatae. h. Folia pinnatim vel subbipinnatim 3-9-partita ; f oliolis (vel segmentis) ovatis vel ovato-lanceolatis, multi- serratis. i. Foliola inferiora raro divisa. y. Achaenia 2- vel 3-aristata, corpore 1.2-1.6 cm. longa 116. B. cylindrica. y. Achaenia (exteriora excepta) plerumque 4- rariter 3-6-aristata, corpore usque ad 2.5 cm. longa 126. B. biternata var. glabrata. i. Foliola inferiora plerumque divisa. 126. B. biternata. h. Folia 2-3-pinnatisecta 115. B. bipinnata. d. Herbae perennes vel verisimiliter perennes. e. Achaeniorum aristae saltern ad summam plurime retrorsum hamosae vel retrorsum hispidae, raro deficientes. /. Folia omnia indivisa vel interdum flabelliformi-incisa. g. Folia rotundata vel flabellata. h. Achaenia corpore 5-6 mm. longa . 213. B. Volkensii. h. Achaenia exteriora corpore 9 mm. interiora 16 mm. longa 197. B. flabellata. g. Folia plus minusve lanceolata. h. Achaeniorum aristae valde retrorso-hamosae. i. Involucri bracteae exteriores 10-14, circ. 8-10 mm. longae 201. B. andongensis. i. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 8, circ. 6-8 mm. longae 200. B. Moorei et var. verrucosa. 64 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI h. Achaeniorum aristae non nisi ad apicem retrorsum hamosae. i. Folia utrinque dense sed non perspicue verrucoso- scabra, aliter glabra, 3.5-4.5 cm. lata. 202. B. Buchneri. i. Folia subtus scabrido-hispida, 1.5-3 cm. lata. 204. B. Seretii. /. Nonnulla vel omnia folia divisa. g. Foliorum segmenta principalia linearia. h. Paleae interiores supra longissime et perspicuissime lineari-productae; achaeniorum aristis demum valde divaricatis 196. B. lineariloba. h. Paleae et aristae diversae. i. Achaeniorum aristae nudae vel antrorsum hamosae vel rarius perpaucis hamis retrorsum hamosae, vel etiam deficientes. j. Nonnulla folia indivisa alia paucilobata. 192. B. ambigua. j. Folia omnia valde 1-2-pinnata. k. Capitulapansaad anthesin circ.2-2.5cm. lata; achaeniis 0.8-1.2 mm. latis . . 187. B. Taylori. k. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 3-4.5 cm. lata; achaeniis 1.4-2 mm. latis. 181. B. Schlechteri. i. Achaeniorum aristae regulariter retrorsum hamo- sae. j. Folia (petiolo adjecto) plerumque 1.5-7 (raro -9.5) cm. longa. k. Foliorum segmenta plerumque late oblongeve linearia 177. B. Whytei. k. Foliorum segmenta angustiora. L Involucri bracteae exteriores plerumque 4-8 mm. longae. m. Capitula discoidea 195. B. crocea. m. Capitula radiata. n. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 3-4.5 cm. lata et 9-12 mm. alta; achaeniis corpore 9-13 mm. longis. 184. B. Bequaertii. THE GENUS BIDENS 65 n. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 2.5-3 cm. lata et 6-9 mm. alta; achaeniis corpore 5-9 mm. longis. o. Folia pinnata vel subbipinnatipar- tita, subcarnosa, achaeniis interi- oribus corpore 7-9 mm. longis. 173. B. Hoffmannii. o. Folia bi-tripinnatipartita, valde membranacea, achaeniis interiori- bus corpore 6-7 mm. longis. 178. B. gracilior var. ukerewensis. 1. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3-4 mm. longae 180. B. palustris. j. Folia (petiolo adjecto) 9-15 cm. longa. 189. B. Phalangiphylla. g. Foliorum segmenta principalia latiora. h. Nonnulla folia 1-2.6 dm. longa; foliolis lateralibus 1-4 jugis, late lanceolatis, 1-4 cm. latis; plantis elatis 1-3 m. altis 186. B. magnifolia. h. Folia plerumque usque ad 1 dm. longa; foliolis lateralibus minoribus; plantis quam 1 m. non (nisi B. kilimandscharicae) altioribus. i. Folia principalia valde 2-3-pinnatisecta. y. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 2.5-4 cm. lata et 6-9 mm. alta 178. B. gracilior. ;. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 4-6 cm. lata et 1-1.3 cm. alta. k. Involucri glabri bracteae exteriores circ. 5, plerumque 4-7 mm. longae, interiores multo majores 185. B. Hildebrandtii. k. Involucri dense hispido-tomentosi bracteae exteriores 8, circ. 8 mm. longae, interiores aequales 159. B. Holstii var. rupestris. i. Folia principalia pinnatim 3-5-partita foliolis dentatis vel vix subsectis. y. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 5-8 cm. lata et circ. 1-1.2 cm. alta. k. Foliorum segmenta plerumque lanceolata vel ovato-lanceolata, apice angustata. 191. B. robustior. 66 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI k. Foliorum laminae vel segmenta saepius ovata vel ovato-lanceolata, apice saepius obtusa. 210. B. kilimandscharica var. retrorsa. j. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 2-3.5 cm. lata et 5-8 mm. alta. k. Foliolum terminate ovatum. /. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 4-5 mm. longae; achaeniis corpore 5-6 mm. longis et circ. 1 mm. latis .... 213. B. Volkensii. I. Involucri bracteae exteriores 7-10 mm. longae; achaeniis corpore 6-8 mm. longis et circ. 1.3 mm. latis . . 212. B. ukambensis. k. Foliolum terminate cuneate vel oblonge lanceolatum. I. Folia subsessilia vel breviter petiolata petiolis 2-6 mm. longis; achaeniis cor- pore circ. 5 mm. longis . . 214. B. lineata. L Folia petiolata petiolis 0.5-2 cm. longis; achaeniis corpore 9 mm. longis. 194. B. cinerea. e. Achaeniorum aristae nunc manifestae et nudae vel plus minusve antrorsum hamosae vel antrorsum hispidae, nunc deficientes. /. Folia plerumque indivisa. g. Folia linearia 216. B. Schweinfurthii. g. Folia latiora. h. Folia (si simplicia) ovata vel subrhomboideo-ovata. i. Involucrum late plano-hemisphaericum ; floribus ligulatis 10-18 206. B. grandis. i. Involucrum altius; floribus ligulatis 8-10. y. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 2.8 cm. lata, achaeniis corpore 4-5 mm. longis. 228. B. Neumannii. j. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 6-7 cm. lata, achaeniis longioribus. k. Flores ligulati 10-12. 208. B. Brucei et var. pubescentior. k. Flores ligulati circ. 8. THE GENUS BIDENS 67 I. Achaenia corpore 6-6.5 mm. longa. 209. B. Crataegifolia. 1. Achaenia corpore 7-9 mm. longa. 208. B. Brucei var. Swynnertonii. h. Folia oblongo-lanceolata vel angustiora. i. Folia subtus glabra vel aegre pubescentia. j. Flores ligulati 6-8 198. B. Baumii. j. Flores ligulati circ. 12. k. Involucri bracteae extimae ovato-lanceolatae, usque ad 1.5 cm. latae. .207. B. coriacea. k. Involucri bracteae exteriores lineari-acumi- natae vel anguste lanceolatae, 1.5-2.5 mm. latae. I. Folia subsessilia. 226. B. Dielsii et var. medusoides. I. Folia principalia tenuiter longeque petio- lata 199. B. ruandensis. i. Folia subtus scabrida vel scabrido-hispida vel glanduloso-pilosa. y. Achaenia marginibus apiceque glabra. 215. B. Aspilioides. j. Achaenia plus minusve setosa. k. Folia inferne (plerumque sensim) ad basim saepissime angustata ; folia principalia quam internodia plerumque multo longiora. /. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 1.3-1.7 (-3) cm. longae, in capitulo discum facile superantes; achaeniis corpore 5-10 mm. longis et 1.4-2 mm. latis.204. B. Seretii. I. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 0.9-1.2 cm. longae, in capitulo juniore disco subaequales; achaeniis corpore 1-1.4 cm. longis et 3-4.5 mm. latis. 203. B. somaliensis. k. Multa folia inferne lata et truncata; folia principalia quam internodia breviora. 205. B. Stuhlmannii. /. Folia plerumque divisa. g. Foliorum segmenta linearia. 68 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI h. Folia pinnata vel vix bipinnatisecta. i. Involucrum ad anthesin 2.3 cm. latum et 1.1 cm. altum. y. Foliolum terminale elongate tenuiterque lineare. 218. B. Rogersii. y. Foliolum terminale late lineare vel anguste sub- rhomboideo-lanceolatum . . . 217. B. nyikensis. i. Involucrum ad anthesin multo minus. y. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 1.4-2 cm. lata. 175. B. musoziana. j. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 2-3.5 cm. lata. k. Involucri plus minusve glabrati bracteae exteriores 3-5. Z. Involucrum superne ad anthesin 5-8 mm. latum 174. B. Kirkii. 1. Involucrum superne ad anthesin 12-15 mm. latum 192. B. ambigua. k. Involucri pubescentis bracteae exteriores 7-14. I. Bracteae exteriores 7-10; foliorum petiolis 0.5-4 cm. longis; achaeniis biaristatis. m. Folia 4-8 cm. longa . 193. B. ugandensis. m. Folia 0.7-1.7 dm. longa. 183. B. Mildbraedii. I. Bracteae exteriores 10-14 ; foliorum petiolis 2-6 mm. longis; achaeniis exaristatis. 176. B. Mossii. h. Folia 2-3-pinnatisecta. i. Involucrum pansa ad anthesin 2-3 cm. latum, bracteis exterioribus circ. 1-1.2 cm. longis. 190. B. insecta. i. Involucrum pansa ad anthesin multo angustius. y. Involucri bracteae exteriores lineari-elongatae, multae 8-11 mm. longae . . . 188. B. Elliotii. y. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3-7 mm. longae. k. Capitula pansa ad anthesin circ. 2-2.5 cm. lata 187. B. Taylori. k. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 3-4.5 cm. lata. THE GENUS BIDENS 69 I. Glabra, 5-9 dm. alta, ovariis biaristatis. 181. B. Schlechteri. 1. Plus minusve hispida, 2 m. alta, ovariis plemmque exaristatis . 182. B. kivuensis. g. Foliorum segmenta lanceolata vel latiora. h. Planta pusilla, prostrata 149. B. microphylla. h. Plantae majores. i. Folia principalia magna petiolo adjecto plerumque 1-2.6 dm. longa, foliolis lateralibus late lanceo- latis plerumque 1-4 cm. latis. 186. B. magnifolia. i. Folia principalia usque ad 1 rarius ad 1.5 dm. longa. y. Achaenia minima tantum 3-4 mm. longa et 0.6-1.2 mm. lata 179. B. microcarpa. j. Achaenia majora. k. Folia crassiuscula pinnatim 3-5-partita, foli- olis late linearibus vel rhomboideo-lanceo- latis, saepius integris vel 1-2-dentatis. 217. B. nyikensis. k. Folia diversa. I. Folia plerumque 3-5-partita foliolis ovatis et apice obtusis. w. Involucrum late hemisphaericum vel subpatelliforme; bracteis exterioribus plerumque adpressis . .206. B. grandis. m. Involucrum altius; bracteis exterioribus mox reflexis. n. Achaeniorum aristae saepius 3, circ. 2-2.5 mm. longis (saepe unco unico prominulo) 212. B. ukambensis. n. Achaeniorum aristae 2, circ. 1-2 mm. longae (supra semper glabrae). o. Involucri bracteae exteriores 4-8 mm. longae, quam interiores mani- feste breviores . . 211. B. rhodesiana. o. Involucri bracteae subaequilongae (circ. 8-15 mm.). 210. B. kilimandscharica. 70 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI I. Nonnulla vel multa folia 3-5-partita, foliolo terminal! late angusteve lanceolate, w. Folia valde membranacea, foliolis acer- rimis, involucri bracteis exterioribus inferne connatis. .232. B. phelloptera. m. Folia crassiora, foliolis vel segmentis obtusioribus, involucri bracteis exteri- oribus inferne distinctis. n. Herba glabra 165. B. asperata. n. Caulis (saltern supra) et folia pubes- centia. o. Foliorum principalium petioli 2-3 cm. longi ; involucri bracteis exteri- oribus 7-11 . . 209. B. Crataegifolia. o. Foliorum principalium petioli 0.5- 1.5 cm. longi; involucri bracteis exterioribus 13-16. 160. B. kamerunensis. I. Folia dissectiora, segmentis apice subacutis vel acrioribus. m. Foliorum principalium segmenta termi- nalia acriter elongata vel elongato- attenuata. n. Achaenia corpore 4.5-6 mm. longa et 0.6-1 mm. lata 178. B. gracilior. n. Achaenia corpore circ. 1.5 cm. longa et circ. 1 mm. lata. 185. B. Hildebrandtii. m. Foliorum segmenta terminalia non acri- ter elongata. n. Flores ligulati 7-9, aurantiaci (i.e., rubido-flavi) ; achaeniis atro-brun- neis corpore circ. 8-9 mm. longis. 164. B. rufovenosa. n. Flores ligulati flavi. o. Foliorum segmenta saepius crassius- cula, subtus tomentulosa vel piloso-pubescentia. p. Achaenia interiora corpore 4-6 mm. longa; involucre superne THE GENUS BIDENS 71 ad anthesin circ. 1.7-2.2 cm. lata 159. B. Holstii. p. Achaenia interiora corpore 6- 8.3 cm. longa; involucre su- perne ad anthesin circ. 8-12 mm. lata 161. B. Grantii. o. Foliorum segmenta manifeste mem- branacea, subtus parce hispida. p. Folia plus minusve hispida, involucri bracteis exterioribus linearibus hispidisque, achaeniis 0.6-1.4 mm. latis. q. Folia supra subdense hispida; bracteis exterioribus 5-9 mm. longis, quam interioribus raro longioribus; floribus ligulatis circ. 2.5 cm. longis; aristis antrorsum hispidulis 1.5 mm. longis . . 162. J5. Uhligii. q. Folia supra sparsim hispida; bracteis exterioribus 7-12 mm. longis, interiores superan- tibus; floribus ligulatis circ. 1.5-1.8 cm. longis; aristis nunc deficientibus nunc usque ad 1 mm. longis sed glabris . . 170. B. Fischeri (cf. etiam 172. B. Onisciformem, speciem cum capitulis ad anthesin cernuis et circ. 2 cm. latis, floribus ligulatis 8-10 mm. longis, etc.). p. Folia glabrata, involucri bracteis exterioribus late oblongis ac glabris, achaeniis 1.5-2.2 mm. latis 169. B. taitensis. ABBREVIATIONS USED FOR HERBARIA CITED Barn. Herb. Barnard College, New York City. Berl. Herb. Berlin Botanical Garden, Germany. Bish. Herb. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Bn. Herb. Ross S. Bean, Honolulu. 72 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Boiss. Herb. Boissier, Geneva, Switzerland. Bol. Herb. University of Bologna, Italy. Brit. Herb. British Museum of Natural History, South Kensington. Bucht. Herb. Dr. Otto Buchtien, La Paz, Bolivia. Bruss. Herb. National Botanical Garden, Brussels. Buit. Herb. Buitenzorg Botanical Garden, Java. Burn. Herb. Emile Burnat, Geneva, Switzerland. Calif. Herb. University of California, Berkeley. Can. Herb. Canadian Geological Survey, Ottawa. Carn. Herb. Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh. Cluj Herb. University of Cluj, Roumania. Cop. Herb. University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Corn. Herb. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Coss. Herb. Ernest Saint-Charles Cosson (now in Mu- seum of Natural History, Paris). Deam Herb. Charles C. Deam, University of Indiana. Deg. Herb. Otto Degener, Honolulu. Del. Herb. Delessert, Geneva, Switzerland. D.U.Prag. Herb. German University, Prague. Field Herb. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago. Flor. Herb. Institute of Botany, University of Florence, Italy. Gen. Herb. University of Geneva, Switzerland. Goth. Herb. Gothenburg Arboretum (Botan. Tradgard), Sweden. Gray Herb. Gray, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Greene Herb. Edward Lee Greene, University of Notre Dame, Indiana. Hamb. Herb. Botanical Institute of Hamburg, Germany. Hassl. Herb. Emil Hassler, Geneva, Switzerland. Haw. Herb. University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Hll. Herb. University of Halle, Germany. Kew Herb. Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, England. Kiel Herb. University of Kiel, Germany. Kioto Herb. Imperial University of Kioto, Japan. Leyd. Herb. Royal Museum, Leyden, Netherlands. Linn. Herb. Linnaeus, Linnean Society, London. Lps. Herb. University of Leipsic, Germany. THE GENUS BIDENS 73 Man. Herb. Bureau of Science of the Philippine Islands, Manila. Minn. Herb. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Mo. Herb. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. Mun. Herb. Munich Botanical Garden, Germany. Mus. Cong. Herb. Musei Congoensis, Tervueren, Belgium (recently amalgamated with that of the National Botanical Garden, Brussels). Mus. Prag. Herb. National Museum, Prague. Mus. V. Herb. Museum Natural History, Vienna. N. Eng. Herb. New England Botanical Club, Cambridge, Massachusetts. N.Y. Herb. New York Botanical Garden, New York City. Oxf. Herb. University of Oxford, England. Par. Herb. Museum of Natural History, Paris. Penn. Herb. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Petrop. Herb. Botanical Garden of Leningrad (Hortus Petropolit.), U.S.S.R. Phila. Herb. Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Pom. Herb. Pomona College, Claremont, California. Rog. Herb. Reverend F. A. Rogers, England. Stanf. Herb. Stanford University, California. Stockh. Herb. Museum of Stockholm, Sweden. Transsilv. Herb. Museum Transsilvania, Cluj, Roumania. Tur. Herb. University of Turin, Italy. U.S. Herb. United States National Museum, Washing- ton. U.V. Herb. University of Vienna, Austria. Webb Herb. Webb, Botanical Institute of University of Florence, Italy. Willd. Herb. Willdenow, Berlin. Wis. Herb. University of Wisconsin, Madison. 1. Bidens Ahnnei Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 165. 1923; ibid. 85: 23, pi 1, figs. i-p. 1928. PL I, figs. i-p. Fruticosa, ramosa, 5-10 dm. alta; caule glabro. Folia petiolata petiolis anguste marginatis et 1.5-2.5 (in cultu -4.5) cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 5-8.5 (in cultu -14.5) cm. longa et 2-3.5 (in cultu -6.5) cm. lata, indivisa (vel juvenilia saepe irregulariter regulariterve tripartita), membranacea, oblongo-ovata, apice breviter et sub- 74 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI abrupte acuminata, basi ad petiolum valde rotundata sed non vero cordata, argute serrata, non ciliata, supra glabra, infra ad venas praecipue petiolum versus saepe pilis tenuibus articulatisque pilosa. Capitula multa, minima, in inflorescentia dense corymboso-cymosa disposita, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 7-12 mm. lata et 2-5 mm. alta; pedicellis tenuibus, glabris, nudis vel saepius minute 1-4- bracteolatis, 7-20 mm. longis. Involucrum glabrum, demum 4-5 mm. latum et 4-5 mm. altum; bracteis exterioribus 4-6, linearibus, interdum ciliatis vel irregulariter 1-3-laciniatis, apice subacuto saepius nitido-callosis, 2-2.5 mm. longis; interioribus oblongis, supra saepe margine diaphano dilatatis, quam exterioribus non plerumque longioribus. Flores ligulati 3-5, flavi, ligula anguste elliptico- oblongi vel oblongo-ovati, 8-11 striis percursi, apice subintegri vel acute dentati, tantum 4-5 mm. longi. Achaenia minuta, exalata, lineari-clavata, interdum paulo torta, subtetragona, atra, ad angulos praesertim supra setulis suberectis instructa, circ. 8-sulcata (toto achaenio), apice calva, tantum 3-4 mm. longa et 0.3-0.5 mm. lata. Type specimen: Collected by Charles Henry, mountain near Hakaui, Island of Nukahiva, Marquesas Islands, in 1916 (Field, 2 sheets). Distribution: Known only from type locality, Island of Nukahiva, Marquesas Islands. Specimens examined: Charles Henry, mountain near Hakaui, 1916 (type, Field, 2 sheets) ; E. E. Sherff 3083, January 6, 1919, et idem 3085, January 27, 1919, both cultivated in University of Chi- cago greenhouses from achenes of type material planted Septem- ber, 1917 (Field, many sheets); idem 3090, cultivated from type achenes (Bish.). The species was named for Mr. St. Ahnne, who, as President of the Chamber of Agriculture of Tahiti in 1916, kindly enlisted the services of Mr. Henry of Nukahiva in securing the type material (cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 92. 1920). Mr. Henry's original label bears the notation, "rare." EXPLANATION OF PLATE I, FIGS, i-p Bidens Ahnnei: i, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.6;;, exterior involucral bract, X6; k, interior involucral bract, X6; I, ligule, X6; m, palea, X6; n, disc corolla, X6; o, p, achenes, X6; all from first type sheet. THE GENUS BIDENS 75 2. Bidens polycephala Schz. Bip. Flora 39: 360. 1856; Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 23, pi. 1, figs. a-h. 1928. PI. I, figs. a-h. Campylotheca polycephala Schz. Bip. loc. cit. Coreopsis polycephala (Schz. Bip.) Benth. & Hook, ex Drake del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 210. 1890; cf. Drake del Cast. Fl. Polyhes. Fr. 108. 1893. Fruticosa, 5-10 dm. alta; caule glabro, tereti, ramoso. Folia longe ac tenuiter petiolata petiolis 2-5 (pro inferioribus -10.5) cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 7-12 (inferiora -22) cm. longa, indivisa (vel juvenilia saepe profunde tripartita), oblongo-lanceolata vel saepius fere exacte ovata, apice acriter acuminata, margine plerumque argute serrata serraturis 10-15 vel etiam usque ad 37 in unico latere, rarius subintegra, non ciliata, membranacea, supra glabra, infra ad venas (praesertim petiolum versus) pilis paucis tenuibus articulatisque pilosa. Capitula corymbose disposita vel etiam subumbellata, parva, tenuiter pedicellata pedicellis usque ad 2.7 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin tantum 7-10 mm. lata et 4-5 mm. alta; disco demum 3-4 mm. lato et circ. 4 mm. alto. Involucri bracteae exteri- ores 4 vel 5, lineares vel lineari-oblongae, saepe acutae, margine ciliatae vel saepe irregulariter 1-3-laciniatae, 1.2-2 mm. longae; interiores oblongae, supra plerumque margine diaphano dilatatae, quam exteriores dimidio longiores. Flores ligulati 3-5, flavi, ellip- tici, plerumque 8-10 striis percursi, apice obtuso dentati, 4-5 mm. longi. Achaenia in speciminibus spontaneis linearia vel lineari-fusi- formia, exalata, tetragona vel obcompresso-tetragona, nigra, om- nino manifeste 8 (unica facie 2) -sulcata, supra sensim angustata et terminaliter in apicem crassum dilatata, angulis sparsim adscendenti- setulosa, corpore 2-3 mm. longa et 0.7 etiam usque ad 1 mm. lata, apice calva vel brevissime 1- vel 2-aristata aristis adrecte hispidulis et usque ad 0.3 mm. longis; in speciminibus cultis angustiora et magis elongata, corpore 2.5-3.2 mm. longa et 0.4-0.7 mm. lata. Type specimen: Collected \)yEdelstanJardin,NoAQ, Mt. Taiohae, Island of Nukahiva, Marquesas Islands, 1852-1854 (Par.). Distribution: Known only from the islands of Nukahiva and Tauata (Santa Christina), Marquesas Islands. Specimens examined : Bennett 45, Santa Christina (Berl.); F. B. H. Brown 405A, alt. above 500 meters, Taipi Vai, Nukahiva, May 7, 1921 (Bish.); idem 405B, alt. 800 meters, ridge, Hakaui, Nukahiva, eodem tempore (Bish.); Ch. Henry, very rare, Mt. Taie Kaoa, northern Nukahiva, 1916 (Field) ; idem, very rare, Mt. Kaea, north- 76 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI era Nukahiva, 1916 (Field); idem, Nukahiva, 1917 (Par.); Hinds, Marquesas Isls., 1841 (Kew) ; Jardin 40 (type, ex herb. Schz. Bipon- tini, Par.; aliud specimen sed sine numero ex herb. Jardinii, Par.); Langsdorff, Nukahiva, 1813 (Brit.); E. H. Quayle 1588, alt. 800 meters, ridge, Nukahiva, October 18, 1922 (Bish.);E. E.Sherff3Q82, cult, in University of Chicago greenhouses from seed (Ch. Henry, Nukahiva, 1917) planted September, 1917, collected December 18, 1918 (Field, 6 sheets) ; idem 3084, same as 3082, but collected Janu- ary 6, 1919 (Field, 4 sheets) ; idem 3084a, same as 3082, but collected September 17, 1919 (Bish.); idem 30846, same as 3082, but col- lected December 22, 1919 (Bish.); idem 3085z and 3086, same as 3082, but collected January 27, 1919 (Field, 2 sheets of each). EXPLANATION OF PLATE I, FIGS, d-h Bidens polycephala: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.6; 6, exterior involucral bract, X6; c, interior involucral bract, X6; d, ligule, X6; e, palea, X6; /, disc corolla, X6; g, h, achenes, X6; all from Ch. Henry, Mt. Taie Kaoa, Isl. Nukahiva, 1916, in Hb. Field. 3. Bidens deltoidea J. W. Moore, Bishop Mus. Bull. 102: 46. 1933. Suffruticosa, usque ad 1 m. alta, caule erecto glabro supra ramoso, ramis subgracilibus. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis basi ipsa in juventute ciliolatis mox glabris usque ad 2.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4.5-11.5 cm. longa et 1.5-4 cm. lata, simplicia, ovata vel oblongo-lanceolata vel lanceolata, apice caudata cauda integra 7-18 mm. longa, basi sublate cuneata, margine acriter serru- lata dentibus saepius inflexis, membranacea, glabra, venulis secunda- riis 5-9 utroque latere costae instructa. Capitula subnumerosa corymbose in inflorescentia usque ad 6 cm. longa terminali et in axillis foliorum superiorum subtabescente disposita, campanulata, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 7 mm. lata et 4 mm. alta; pedicellis glabris usque ad 2.5 cm. longis. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-8, oblongae vel attenuato-lineares, apice saepe obtusae, extus ad basim pilis brevibus sparsim pubescentes, 1-3 mm. longae et sub 1 mm. latae. Flores ligulati 4, subflavi, ligula elliptici, apice emarginati vel breviter 3-lobati, 3.5-4.5 mm. longi. Paleae lineares, 3 mm. longae et 0.3-1 mm. latae. Achaenia obcompressa, lineari-oblonga, atra vel apicaliter brunnea, utraque facie 4-sulcata, apicem versus subsparsim breviterque setosa, corpore 3.5-5 mm. longa, biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis 0.5-1 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by John William Moore, No. 559, at altitude of 300 meters, on ridge in wet clay soil, on mountain THE GENUS BIDENS 77 at north side of Faaroa Bay, Island of Raritea, January 20, 1927 (Bish.). Distribution: Island of Raritea, Society Islands. Specimens examined: Moore 559 (type, Bish.). In general habit simulating B. polycephala, from which it differs in achenial characters. 4. Bidens Jardinii Schz. Bip. Flora 39: 360. 1856. PI. II. Campylotheca Jardinii Schz. Bip. loc. cit. Coreopsis Jardinii (Schz. Bip.) Drake del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 209. 1890. Glabra, suffruticulosa, forsitan 6-10 dm. alta, ramis teretibus, repetito-trichotomis. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 2.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad circ. 10 cm. longa, principalia lanceo- lata vel oblongo-lanceolata, apice moderate acuminata, basi abrupte angustata itaque late cuneata, marginibus eciliata sed multiserrata serraturis nempe unici folii omnino circ. 10 cm. longi utrinque numero 31, acumine et basi vero integra; folia superiora decrescentia, subrhomboideo-ovata, summa linearia. Capitula non numerosa, subcorymbosa, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.3 cm. lata et 6 mm. alta, pedicellis insidentia 2-6 cm. longis efoliatis vel foliolo uno alterove anguste lineari, 5-8 mm. longo, instructis. Involucrum depresso-hemisphaericum, demum circ. 5-7 mm. altum et 1-1.6 cm. latum, bracteis subaequilongis, exterioribus 6-8, oblongo-linearibus, glabris, apice obtusis, demum 4-5 mm. longis, interioribus lanceolatis nunc tergo minute pubescentibus et supra ciliolatis nunc glabratis; unico receptaculo circ. 4.8 mm. diametro metiente. Flores ligulati (forsitan 8?) aurei, ligula elliptico-oblongi, 7 mm. longi. Achaenia anguste lineari-oblonga, obcompresso-tetragona vel obcompresso- triquetra, exalata, atra vel griseo-livida, omnino circ. 8- vel 9-sulcata, marginibus et costis medianis setis adrectis perspicue obsita, apice exaristata, circ. 4-5 mm. longa et circ. 0.7 mm. lata. Type specimen: Collected by Edelstan Jardin, No. 41, on the Island of Nukahiva, Marquesas Islands (Par.). Distribution: Island of Nukahiva, Marquesas Islands. Specimens examined: Jardin 41 (type, Par.). Related to Bidens australis Spreng. but differing in its exaristate achenes and fewer, mostly larger, and more corymbose heads; to Bidens Mathewsii Sherff, but differing in its shorter and exaristate achenes and smaller, more numerous heads. The original description by Schultz Bipontinus is here redrawn after careful study of his type. 78 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI EXPLANATION OF PLATE II Bidens Jardinii: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.65; b, exterior involucral bract, X5.2; c, interior involucral bract, X5.2; d, ray corolla, X5.2; e, palea, X5.2; /, achene, X5.2; all from type. 5. Bidens Bipontina Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 10. 1928. PI. XXXIII, figs, m, n. Bidens serrulata Schz. Bip. Flora 39: 361. 1856; non B. serrulata 1 (Poir.). Desf. Tabl. Ecol. Bot. ed. 2. 130. 1815 (et Cat. Hort. Par. ed. 3. 186. 1829). Coreopsis serrulata (Schz. Bip.) Benth. & Hook, ex Drake del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 210. 1890; cf. Fl. Polyn. Fr. 109. 1893; non Coreopsis serrulata Poir. Encycl. Supplem. 2: 352. 1811. Campylotheca serrulata Schz. Bip. loc. cit. etiam ex Brown, Fl. S. E. Polynesia 3 (Bishop Mus. Bull. 130) : 356, fig. 64- 1935. Fruticosa, glabra. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus saepius 2-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 11 cm. longa et 3.5 cm. lata, membranacea, lanceolata, apice perspicue acuminata, basi subacuta, subgrosse acriterque serrulata dentibus cuspidatis subinflexisque. Capitula pauca, corymbose disposita inflorescentia 7.5 cm. longa non exserta, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 7 mm. alta et 4 cm. lata. Involucri glabri vel subglabri bracteae exteriores circ. 5 vel 6, lineares, acutae, 5-6 mm. longae, basi 1 mm. latae; interiores ovatae, apiculatae, parce breviores. Flores ligulati 6-8, flavi, ligula oblongo-elliptici, circ. 2 cm. longi et 4.5 mm. lati. Paleae lineares, apice acutae, 6-7 mm. longae et 0.8 mm. latae. Achaenia anguste lineari-oblonga, valde obcompressa, exalata, griseo-livida vel apicem versus straminea, faciebus glabra vel supra sparsim longo-pilosa, marginibus valde piloso-ciliata pilis tenuibus albidis adrectis, corpore 6-7 mm. longa et 0.6-0.9 mm. lata, apice exaristata vel irregulariter 1- vel 2-aristata aristis minutis inutilibus calvis. Type specimen: Collected by Edelstan Jardin, No. 132, on Island of Nukahiva, Marquesas Islands (Par.). Distribution: Island of Nukahiva, Marquesas Islands. Specimens examined: Jardin 132 (type, Par.); E. H. Quayle 1235, alt. 500 meters, Nukahiva, October 15, 1922 (Bish.). Description, except as to achenes, drawn largely from Quayle 1235 (Bish.). 1 The trivial name was misspelled serrutata at one point in Schultz Bipontinus' article. See discussion in the text. THE GENUS BIDENS 79 The type sheet bears four entirely denuded branches (cf. "speci- mina valde manca," Schz. Bip. loc. cit.). A packet contains rem- nants of a fruiting head, with about a dozen achenes. From these I have drawn the above description of the achenes. No leaves re- main, but Schultz Bipontinus described them as remotely and super- ficially serrate. The name unfortunately was misprinted B. serrutata in the original description. However, the correct spelling, B. serru- lata, is found elsewhere in the original article of publication (op. cit. 356 et 362); also upon the type sheet, in Schultz Bipontinus' own handwriting. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIII, FIGS, m, n Bidens Bipontina: m, n, achenes, X6.4; both from type. 6. Bidens collina Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 96: 144. 1934. Campy lotheca collina (Deg. & Sherff) F. Brown, Fl. S. E. Polynesia 3 (Bishop Mus. Bull. 130): 354. 1935. Frutex erectus, gracilis, ramosus ramis obscurissime adpresso- setosis, circa 1 m. altus. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis saepius 1.5-2 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 5-6 cm. longa et 1.5-3 cm. lata, indivisa, oblongo-lanceolata vel oblongo-ovata, rotundato-truncata vel fere subcordata, apice abrupte attenuata, membranacea, faciebus glabrata, marginibus acriter serrulata (unico latere 8-20-dentata) . Capitula corymbose disposita, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.3-2 cm. lata et circ. 5 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae hispidae exteriores 5-8, lineares vel oblongae, apicem abrupte mucronulatum versus saepe dilatatae, 1.5-3 mm. longae, interioribus lanceolato-oblongis dimidio breviores. Flores ligulati plerumque 5 vel 6, flavi, ligula oblongi vel late oblanceolati, apice 2-3-denticulati, circ. 7-9 mm. longi. Achaenia submatura plana, lineari-oblonga, sursum sensim angus- tata, faciebus marginibusque perspicue erecto-setosa setis fulves- centibus, corpore sub 2.5 mm. longa et sub 0.8 mm. lata, apice erecte setosa setis pluribus (saepe 2 longioribus et aristis non dissimilibus). Type specimen: Collected by Adamson & Mumford, No. 400, growing about 1 meter tall on exposed hillside at altitude of about 100 meters, Tehutu, Island of Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands, May 19, 1929 (N.Y.). Distribution: Island of Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands. Specimens examined: Adamson & Mumford 400 (type, N.Y.). 80 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI 7. Bidens Beckiana (F. Brown) Sherff, comb. nov. Campylotheca Beckiana F. Brown, Fl. S. E. Polynesia 3 (Bishop Mus. Bull. 130): 359, fig. 66. 1935. Fruticosa vel subarborescens, altitudine ignota; ramulis dense patenterque crispo-pubescentibus, nodis erecte conferteque sordido- hispidis. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis patenti-pubescentibus 1.5-2 cm. longis basi non connatis, petiolo adjecto 5-7.5 cm. longa, membranacea, cordato-ovata, apice acuminato-acuta, utrin- que minute molliterque pubescentia, margine minute minimeve serrulata (plerumque 10-12 dentulis per 1 cm.). Capitula 7 in inflorescentia terminali pubescenti folia vix superante disposita, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 2.5 cm. lata et 8 mm. alta. Involucri pubescentis bracteae exteriores 6, lanceolatae, 6 mm. longae et 2 mm. latae; interiores vix longiores, 1.5-2 mm. latae. Flores ligulati 8 mm. longi. Paleae lineares, apice acutae, 6-7 mm. longae et 0.5 mm. latae. Achaenia linearia, arcuata, exalata, per- spicue hirsuta, exaristata, 4-6 mm. longa et 0.5-0.7 mm. lata. Type specimen: Collected by R. H. Beck, No. 1529, on Island of Eiau, Marquesas Islands, September 20, 1922 (Bish.). Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Eiau, Marquesas Islands. Specimens examined: Beck 1529 (type, Bish.). The description of the achenes is drawn from Brown's original text. Unfortunately Brown may have relied upon the several abor- tive and hence unrepresentative achenes (ovaries) at the periph- ery of the receptacle (the type at present completely lacks mature achenes). 8. Bidens cordifolia Schz. Bip. Flora 39: 361. 1856; Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 24, pi. 5, figs. h-n. 1928. PI. Ill, figs. h-n. Campylotheca cordifolia Schz. Bip. loc. cit. Coreopsis cordifolia (Schz. Bip.) Drake del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 208. 1890. Frutex, 5 dm. altus, ramosus; ramis striatis, infra minutissime pubescentibus, supra dense tomentosis, oligocephalicis. Folia tenui- ter petiolata petiolis 1.5-4.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 6-10 cm. longa, 1.8-3.8 cm. lata, simplicia, ovato-oblonga, basi rotundata vel cordata, apice acuminata, margine eleganter serrata serraturis nempe ad latus singulum 25-40 vel etiam usque ad 60, supra sparsim pubescentia vel demum subglabrata, infra minute sed dense pubes- Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate I BIDENS POLYCEPHALA Schz. Bip. (figs, a-h) BIDENS AHNNEI Sherff (figs, i-p) "OF of THE GENUS BIDENS 81 centia; petiolis tomentoso-ciliatis vel demum inconspicue ciliatis. Capitula breviter pedunculata pedunculis circ. 2-4 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.5-2.5 cm. lata et 8 mm. alta. Invo- lucri bracteae exteriores ovato-lanceolatae, acutae vel acuminatae, minute tomentosae, demum reflexae, circ. 7 mm. longae; interiores paulo breviores, late lanceolatae, minute plus minusve pubescentes. Flores ligulati circ. 10-12, flavi (?-ochroleuci in specimine sicco), ligula obovati vel cuneato-oblanceolati, irregulariter tridentati, tubulo ad jecto circ. 9 mm. longi ; paleis linearibus, demum 9-10 mm. longis. Achaenia linearia, tetragono-obcompressa, atra vel griseo- livida, margine setis elongatis (interdum diametro achaenii multo longioribus) conferte praecipue apicem versus ciliata, una facie remote longo-pilosa, corpore exteriora 4-5 mm. interiora 6-8 mm. longa, omnia 0.5-0.65 mm. lata, apice longe pilosa et saepius aristis 2 minutis calvis vel retrorsum paucihamosis coronata. Type specimen: Collected by Edelstan Jardin, No. 199, on the Island of Nukahiva, Marquesas Islands (Par.). Distribution: Known only from Island of Nukahiva, Marquesas Islands. Specimens examined: Barclay 3213, loam soil, wet ravines, Isl. Nukahiva, January, 1840 (Brit.); Jardin 199 (type, Par.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE III, FIGS, Bidens cordifolia: h, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.75; i, exterior involucral bract, X3.75; j, interior involucral bract, X3.75; k, ray corolla, X3.75; I, palea, X3.75; m, disc floret, X6; n, achene, X3.75; all from Barclay 3213, in Hb. Brit. 9. Bidens hivoana Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 96: 143. 1934. Frutex ramosus, glaber, 2 m. altus. Folia opposita, subcon- ferte ad ramuli finem disposita, petiolata petiolis conduplicatis mar- ginatis basi dilatato-connatis 1.5-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto circ. 6-8 cm. longa et 2.5-3.8 cm. lata, indivisa, ovata, basi rotundata vel raro vix subcordata, apice subacuta vel subattenuata, mem- branacea, obsolete ac remote serrulata, eciliata. Capitula termina- liter circ. 3-adgregata, pedunculata pedunculis suberectis glabratis 2.5 cm. longis, ut videtur radiata (ligulis in typo non plene cretis), disco ad anthesin circ. 6-7 mm. crasso et circ. 9-11 mm. alto. Invo- lucri glabrati bracteae exteriores circ. 4, ovato-oblongae vel late lanceolatae, obtusae, usque ad 8 mm. longae, quam interiores ob- longae paulo longiores. Flores ligulati (fide lectorum descriptionis) albi. Paleae angustissime lineares, usque ad 11 mm. longae. Achae- 82 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI nia submatura plana, oblanceolata vel obovata, atro-brunnea, glabra, apice bidentata dentibus glaberrimis deorsum in margines membranaceas luteo-brunneas alis similes desinentibus, corpore 5.5 mm. longa et marginibus alatis adjectis 2.3-3 mm. lata. Type specimen: Collected by Adamson & Mumford, No. 469, growing 2 meters tall at altitude of 1,086 meters, in typical forest of cloud zone, on crest north of summit of Mt. Temetiu, Tenatinaei, Island of Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands, July 24, 1929 (N.Y.). Distribution: Marquesas Islands. Specimens examined: Adamson & Mumford 469 (type, N.Y.). 10. Bidens hendersonensis Sherff, Bishop Mus. Occas. Paps. 12. No. 19: 6, pi. 2. 1937. a. Capitula perpauca ( 3 ad rami apicem) var. /3. oenoensis. a. Capitula numerosiora. 6. Capitula perspicue et subconferte in inflorescentia magna corymbiformi adgregata; foliorum laminis plerumque sub 5.5 cm. longis et 2-3 cm. latis. . .B. hendersonensis sensu stricto. 6. Capitula laxe disposita; foliorum laminis majoribus aut plus minusve subspathulatis var. 7. subspathulata. Frutex arborescens 4 m. altus, glaber, caule inferne circ. 2.5 cm. crasso, cortice pallido-brunnea, ligno exteriore albo, medulla alba. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis 1-2.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto plerumque 5-8 cm. longa et 2-3 cm. lata, membranacea, oblongo- ovata, apice obtusa et breviter mucronata, basi late cuneata vel raro subrotundata, leviter serrata dentulis breviter cuspidatis. Capitula multa, laxe corymbosa pedicellis tenuibus glabris saepius 1-4 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin tantum circ. 1 cm. lata et circ. 7 mm. alta. Involucri minute subsparsimque pubescentis bracteae exteriores 4-6, plus minusve oblongae, crassiusculae, apice subacutae, circ. 2-2.5 mm. longae; interiores oblongae, circ. 4-5 mm. longae. Flores ligulati circ. 5, flavi, ligula obovati, sub 5 mm. longi. Paleae lineares, apice acutae, demum usque ad 1.2 cm. longae. Achaenia anguste oblongo-linearia, obcompressa, nigra, utraque facie 4-sulcata et plerumque glabra, marginibus exalatis erecte setosa, corpore 7-10 mm. longa et circ. 1 mm. lata, apice biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis 1 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Harold St. John & Francis Ray- mond Fosberg, No. 15107, at altitude of 33 meters, in jungle on ele- vated, dissected coral, north end of Henderson Island, Low Archi- pelago, June 17, 1934 (Bish., 2 sheets). Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate II BIDENS JARDINII Schz. Bip. OF THk THE GENUS BIDENS 83 Distribution: Henderson (Elizabeth) Island, Low Archipelago (Tuamotu or Paumotu Islands). Specimens examined: St. John & Fosberg 15107 (type, Bish., 2 sheets: cotypes, Berl.; Field, 2 sheets). Bidens hendersonensis var. ft. oenoensis Sherff, Bishop Mus. Occas. Paps. 12. No. 19: 7, pi. 4. 1937. Fruticosa, decumbens erectave, 1-3 m. alta, caule basi circ. 2.5 cm. crasso. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis 1-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto plerumque 7-13 cm. longa et 3-5.3 cm. lata, membranaceis- sima, subpallida, oblongo-ovata, apice obtusa vel subacuta, basi late cuneata vel raro subrotundata, leviter dentata vel obsolete crenato- denticulata dentibus minute cuspidatis. Capitula pauca (saepius 3-5-adgregata), tenuiter pedunculata pedunculo glabro 4 cm. longo, pansa ad anthesin circ. 1.5 cm. lata et circ. 8 mm. alta. In- volucri bracteae exteriores 8-10, oblongo-obovatae, apice acutae vel subacutae, glabratae vel minutissime glanduloso-pubescentes, 2-3 mm. longae; interiores oblonge ovatae, apice puberulentae, 4-6 mm. longae. Flores ligulati, ligula obovati, apice obscure denticu- lati, 6 mm. longi. Achaenia marginibus et saepe costa mediana erecto-setosa setis subflavidis, biaristata (vel obsoletissime triaris- tata) aristis erectis retrorsum hamosis 1.5 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Harold St. John & Francis Raymond Fosberg, No. 15183, under Tournefortia trees, at altitude of 2 meters, Island of Oeno, Low Archipelago, June 23, 1934 (Bish.). Distribution: Island of Oeno, Low Archipelago (Tuamotu or Paumotu Islands). Specimens examined: St. John & Fosberg 15183 (type, Bish.: cotypes, Berl.; Field, 2 sheets). Bidens hendersonensis var. 7. subspathulata Sherff, Bishop Mus. Occas. Paps. 12. No. 19: 7, pi. 3. 1937. Frutex 1.5-7 m. altus, interdum arborescens. Folia petiolo tenui 1-2.5 cm. longo adjecto plerumque 4-10 cm. longa, lamina diverse subspathulata (nunc plus minusve rhomboideo-oblonga, nunc rhomboide oblanceolata, nunc lanceolato-spathulata), apice subobtusa vel subacuta, basi late vel anguste cuneata, margine leviter pauciterque crenato-serrulata. Capitula laxius disposita. Achaenia confertius setosa. Type specimen: Collected by Harold St. John & Francis Raymond Fosberg, No. 15173, bush 1.5 meters tall, open place in 84 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI jungle on elevated, dissected coral, at altitude of 30 meters, north center of Henderson Island, Low Archipelago, June 20, 1934 (Bish.). Distribution: Henderson (Elizabeth) Island, Low Archipelago (Tuamotu or Paumotu Islands). Specimens examined: Harold St. John & Francis Raymond Fosberg 15155, tree-like shrub, 3-7 meters tall, stem 4 cm. thick, bark gray, sapwood and pith white, common in jungle on elevated, dissected coral, alt. 30 meters, north center, Henderson Isl., June 20, 1934 (Bish.; Berl.; Field) ;iidem 15171, bush 2 meters tall, eodem loco et tempore (Bish.; Berl.; Field; Kew); iidem 15173 (type, Bish.: cotypes, Berl.; Field; Kew; U.S.). 11. Bidens Lantanoides A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 128. 1861; Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 24, pi. 5, figs. a-g. 1928. PI. Ill, figs. a-g. Frutex hirsutulo-pubescens, ramosus, ramis oligocephalicis. Folia petiolata petiolis 1-2 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto plerumque 4-6 cm. longa, simplicia, ovalia oblongave, apice acuta, basi late cuneata, margine creberrime serrata. Capitula solitaria pedun- culos foliis subaequantes terminantia, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 2.2 cm. lata et 8 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 8-10, lineari-oblongae, disco adaequantes, circ. 6-8 mm. longae; interiores lanceolatae saepe paulo breviores. Flores ligulati flavidi, ligula elliptico-oblanceolati, apice paucidentati. Achaenia lineari- oblonga, subtetragona, omnino circ. 8-sulcata, brunneo-nigra, mar- ginibus apiceque antrorsum hispidula, corpore circ. 8-10 mm. longa, biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis, 0.5-1.5 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by the United States Southern Pacific Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes on the Island of Eimeo (Morea), Society Islands, 1838-1842 (U.S.). Distribution: Islands of Eimeo (Morea, Moorea) and Tahiti, Society Islands. Specimens examined: U. S. S. Pacif. Expl. Exped. (Capt. Wilkes), Tahiti, 1838-1842 (Gray); eadem, Eimeo (Morea), 1838-1842 (type, U.S.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE III, FIGS, a-g Bidens Lantanoides: a, fruiting branch, X0.75; b, exterior invo- lucral bract, X3.75; c, interior involucral bract, X3.75; d, ray corolla, X3.75; e, palea, X3.75;/, disc floret, X6; g, achene, X3.75; a, from type material in Hb. U.S.; b-g, from type material in Hb. Gray. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate III BIDENS LANTANOIDES Gray (figs, a-g) BIDENS CORDIFOLIA Schz. Bip. (figs, h-n) OF THt UNIVERSITY OF THE GENUS BIDENS 85 12. Bidens mooreensis M. L. Grant, sp. nov. Frutex 3.6 m. altus, multum ramosus, glaber, caule basaliter 4 cm. crasso; ramulis subteretibus. Folia opposita, petiolata peti- olis subplanis sed non alatis 1.5-1.8 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 6-9.5 cm. longa et 1.2-1.6 cm. lata, anguste oblongo-lanceolata vel elliptico-lanceolata, longe acuminata (acumine integro 1.4-1.8 cm. longo), apice extreme parce acria, basi cuneata vel subacumi- nata, margine acriter serrata 6-17 dentibus pro unico latere, utrinque pallido-viridia vel (sicca) supra demum subatra. Inflorescentia terminalis, corymboso-paniculata, patens, circ. 6 cm. alta et 9 cm. lata, exserta, glabra, saltern 10-20-cephala. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.5 cm. lata et circ. 6 mm. alta; pedicellis tenuissimis saepe 3-4 cm. longis. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 7 vel 8, lineares, apice dilatatae et subobtusae, circ. 3 mm. longae et 0.8 mm. latae, quam interiores lanceolatae paulo breviores. Folia ligulati 5, pallide flavi, ligula oblongi vel obovati, obsolete vel irregulariter 3-lobati, circ. 8 mm. longi. Paleae filiformes, 3.8 mm. longae et 0.3 mm. latae. Flores tubulosi 35-40, flavi, 5.5 mm. longi; ovario 1.2 mm. longo; corolla 3.8 mm. longa, tubuloso-campanulata, 5- lobata; filamentis 1.2 mm. longis; antheris 1.4 mm. longis, basi subacutis; styli ramis ovatis, acuminatis, extus pubescentibus; poculo nectarifero circum styli basim 0.3 mm. alto. Achaenia linearia, obcompressa vel subtetragona, nigra, exalata, marginibus plerumque antrorso-setosa, utraque 2 facierum 4-sulcata, corpore 3.8-4.8 mm. longa et circ. 0.6 mm. lata vix sub extremo apice biaristata aristis 0.4-0.5 mm. longis nudis vel pauciter retrorso-setosis. Type specimen: Collected by Martin Lawrence Grant, No. 5386, at altitude of 350 meters, in ridge forest of Crossostyles, Stenolobium, Xylosma, and Fagraea, Putoa, District of Af areaitu, Island of Moorea, February 18, 1931 (Bish.). Distribution: Island of Moorea (known variously also as Morea, Eimeo, Aimeo), Society Islands. Specimens examined: Grant 5386 (type, Bish.). Differs from perhaps its nearest ally, B. australis, in having fewer leaf serrations, larger heads, longer involucral bracts, and larger ray florets. The description, as also the descriptions of three other species 16, B. aoraiensis; 19, B. orofenensis; and 27, B. glandulifera was drawn from materials placed at my disposal by Dr. Martin L. Grant. Dr. Grant had made, during the course of graduate study at the 86 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI University of Minnesota, a detailed study of various species of Bidens found by himself and others in the Society Islands. He had recognized these four as new and very kindly contributed a copy of his manuscript to me for use in the present volume. It will be noted that B. orofenensis, several cotypes of which I had already studied independently while determining numerous specimens collected on the Bishop Museum's Mangarevan Expedition, has already been published elsewhere (Bish. Mus. Occas. Paps. 12. No. 19: 4, pi. 1 . 1937). 13. Bidens australis Spreng. Syst. 3:453. 1826. PL IV. Coreopsis 'fruticosa Forst. Prodr. Fl. Ins. Austr. 91. 1786 (nomen; non Vest). Campylotheca australis (Spreng.) Less. Linnaea 6: 509. 1831. Bidens paniculata Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. 66. 1841. Bidens fruticosa (Forst.) Schz. Bip. Flora 39: 358. 1856 (non L. nee DC.). Coreopsis fruticosa Solander mss. in Seemann, Fl. Vitiensis 143. 1865-1868. Suffruticosa, glabra, usque ad 3 m. alta; caule obtuse tetragono vel subtereti, erecto, ramoso vel saepe ramosissimo. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis 1-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 6-13 (-24) cm. longa, indivisa, lanceolata oblongave et apice plerumque acuminata, serrata dentibus parvis et plerumque 20-40 (raro -75) in unico latere, non ciliata. Capitula parva, paniculato-corymbosa, supra folia exserta, minute radiata, pansa ad anthesin 6-7.5 mm. lata et 3-4 mm. alta, tenuissime pedunculata pedunculis 1-3 cm. longis. Involucrum vix hispidulum vel profecto saepe glabrum; bracteis exterioribus 5-7, minimis, linearibus, supra saepe dilatatis, apice plerumque subobtusis, raro subciliatis, circ. 1 mm. longis; interio- ribus lanceolatis, circ. 2 mm. longis. Flores ligulati circ. 5, minimi, ligula late ovati vel oblongi, apice plerumque denticulati, flavi, 2-3 mm. longi. Achaenia minuta, linearia, infra parce angustata, obcompresso-tetragona vel subplana, atra, sparsim suberecto-setosa, paleas saepe superantia, corpore 2.5-6.6 mm. longa, brevissime biaris- tata aristis divergentibus, retrorsum hamosis, 0.2-0.5 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by JohannGeorg Adam For ster, prob- ably on Island of Tahiti (Par.; see discussion of type below). Distribution: Islands of Eimeo (known also as Aimeo, Moorea, and Morea), Tahaa, and Tahiti (Society Isls.) and also Tonga (Friendly) Islands. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate IV BIDENS AUSTRALIS Spreng. THE GENUS BIDENS 87 Specimens examined: Banks & Solander, Tahiti, 1769 (Brit.; U.S.); iidem, Tonga Isls. (Par.); Beechey, Tahiti (Kew); Bertero & Moerenhout, Tahiti, 1831 (Par.) ; Bidwill, Eimeo (Kew) ; J. G.A.Forster, Tahiti (Brit.; Par.); G. T. Lay & A. Collie (CapL Beechey' s Voyage), Tahiti, March-April, 1826 (Brit., 2 sheets) ; Lepine 98, Tahiti (Kew); Moerenhout, Tahiti, 1834 (Par.); J. Nadeaud 336, on precipices, Tahiti, June 1, 1857 (Par.); Harold St. John 17398, shrub 3 meters tall, in thicket on steep ridge, alt. 500 meters, east ridge, Mt. Purauti, Isl. Tahaa, October 11, 1934 (Bish.; Field; speciminibus sterilibus vel cum fructibus maturis sed nullis floribus); Webb, Tahiti (Kew). 1 In 1769, Banks and Solander collected fine material of this species in the Society Islands (Tahiti, fide Solander in Seem. loc. cit.) and in the Tonga Islands. These collectors accompanied Captain Cook on the first of his three famous voyages (cf. Encycl. Brit. ed. 11. 3: 333. 1910). Further specimens were collected on Tahiti during Captain Cook's third voyage. Both sets of material are still extant in excellent condition (Brit.). A sheet from the first voyage (Society Islands) bears the name Coreopsis fruticosa mscr. 2 One from the third voyage bears the name Coreopsis fruticosa Soland. In Solan- der 's unpublished manuscript, at the British Museum of Natural History, is his very complete and precise description of these plants under the name Coreopsis fruticosa. This description was not pub- lished until 1865-1868 (Seemann, loc. cit.). Meanwhile, Forster, who was botanist on Captain Cook's third voyage (cf. Encycl. Brit. ed. 11. 10: 674. 1910), listed a Coreopsis fruticosa with the habitat "intra tropicos." He gave no description and so the name amounts, with him, merely to a nomen nudum. In fact, it seems entirely plausible that he meant merely to list a plant collected by him on Cook's third voyage and which he had found to match Solander's contemplated species that had been collected on Cook's first voyage. Forster's small and rather scanty private speci- men went into the hands of Sprengel, who gave the first published description of it under the new name Bidens australis. This historic fragment later became the possession of Schultz Bipontinus, still later of E. Cosson, and now is in Paris. It agrees precisely with the 1 Chamisso's specimens from Oahu, cited by Lessing (Linnaea 6: 509. 1831) for this species, are merely fragments with branchlets and leaves, but more or less deficient as to heads (Hll.; Kew). At Leningrad (Petrop.) they are slightly more ample than elsewhere and there display the simple-leaved state of B. micrantha (as exemplified by Remy 281). 2 The Banks and Solander specimen at Paris is from the Tonga Islands (1769). It matches the Society Islands plants, but the label bears none of Solander's own notations. 88 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI material in London, already mentioned as having been collected likewise on Cook's third voyage. Schultz Bipontinus (loc. cit.) gave a very full description of Forster's fragment, evidently unaware of the much more ample duplicate material in London. Nor does he seem to have known of the synonymous Bidens paniculata Hook. & Arn., which was based on Captain Beechey's plant from Tahiti (Kew). The five fruiting heads remaining on Forster's private fragment have achenes measuring, aristae included, about 3 mm. long (cf. Schz. Bip. loc. cit., "1 Linie lang, oder etwas langer"). Those on the duplicate material studied by Solander vary in length from 3 to 6 mm. (cf. Soland. in Seem. loc. cit., "bilinearia"). Those on the type of B. paniculata Hook. & Arn. average slightly smaller, varying from 2.5 to 3.9 mm. long, but this difference seems without much significance. Asa Gray (Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 128. 1861) erroneously associated this species with the Hawaiian B. sandvicensis Less. Drake (del Castillo, 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 209-210. 1890) erroneously referred it to B. Menziesii (Gray) Sherff (Coreopsis Menziesii Gray), but he had already given a good picture of it under the name Bidens paniculata Hook. & Arn. (op. cit., pi. 40. 1888). From its general habit, also its much smaller and more numerous heads, it is seen to be affiliated more closely with such species as B. polycephala Schz. Bip. and B. Ahnnei Sherff, both of the southern Pacific, than with species such as B. sandvicensis Less, of the Hawaiian region. Nor does B. australis resemble at all closely B. Lantanoides Gray, which Seemann (loc. cit.) thought was "probably identical." The plant is said by Mr. Collie to be mixed with coconut juice and boiled by the natives of Tahiti, to produce a cathartic. They know the plant as "motu" (Hook. & Arn., loc. cit.). Additional material is much to be desired from the Island of Tahaa. One of the St. John specimens had been considered by Dr. Martin L. Grant, though somewhat doubtfully, as typifying a new species. EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV Bidens australis: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.69; 6, exterior involucral bract, X13.7; c, interior involucral bract, X13.7; d, ray corolla, XlO.3; e, palea, X13.7;/, disc corolla, Xl0.3;gr, achene, X6.86; all from Capt. Beechey, Tahiti (type of B. paniculata Hook. & Arn.), in Hb. Kew. THE GENUS BIDENS 89 14. Bidens raiateensis J. W. Moore, Bish. Mus. Bull. 102:47.1933. Suffruticosa, usque ad 1 m. alta; caule erecto, supra ramoso, glabro, subfusco, ramulis gracilibus glabris subviridibus. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis glabratis 5-15 mm. longis, petiolo adjecto 3.5-9.5 cm. longa et 1.5-2.5 cm. lata, simplicia, elliptico-oblonga vel obovata, apice acuta, basi cuneata, acriter dentata dentibus 2-5 mm. longis, membranacea, supra pilis acribus adpressis spar- sissime instructa. Capitula in inflorescentia usque ad circ. 8 cm. longa terminali et in axillis foliorum superiorum subtabescente dis- posita, nunc pauca nunc numerosa, campanulata, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.2-2 cm. lata et circ. 8 mm. alta; pedicellis gracilibus, glabris, in axillis bractearum lanceolatarum acutarum 1-1.5 cm. longarum plerumque fictis. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-8, sub- adpressae, spathulatae, apice subacutae, extus glabratae et supra virides infra subfulvae, intus inferne pilis subrubiginosis instructae, 6-10 mm. longae, quam interiores longiores. Flores ligulati 5 vel 6, subflavi, ligula oblongo-obovati, apice emarginati vel breviter 3- lobati, 7-10 mm. longi. Paleae ovato-oblongae, 7-8 mm. longae. Ovaria 2.75 mm. longa setis binis caducis 0.1 mm. longis instructa. Achaenia tenuiter linearia, irregulariter arcuata, subtetragona, exa- lata, nigra, apice subcapitato exaristata, facie quaque 2-sulcata, 8-10 mm. longa et tantum circ. 0.6 mm. crasso. Type specimen: Collected by John William Moore, No. 467, at altitude of 450 meters, in wet clay soil, Mt. Temehani, Island of Raiatea, January 1, 1927 (Bish.). Distribution: Island of Raiatea, Society Islands. Specimens examined: Martin L. Grant 5195, alt. 411 meters, Temehani, District of Avera, January 29, 1931 (Minn.); Moore 467 (type, Bish.). 15. Bidens Mathewsii Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 81: 34. 1926. PI. V. Campylotheca Mathewsii (Sherff) F. Brown, Fl. S. E. Polynesia 3 (Bish. Mus. Bull. 130): 355. 1935. Glabra, fruticosa, nunc extensa terra nunc forsitan 6-10 dm. alta, ramis angulatis. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis 1-2 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-12 cm. longa et usque ad 4.7 cm. lata, indivisa, ovata vel lanceolata vel oblongo-lanceolata, membranacea, serrata dentibus parce mucronatis, eciliata, apice acuta. Capitula pauca ( 8 in unico ramo), corymbosa, in typo (sed non plerumque) supra folia 90 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI exserta, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.3 cm. lata et 0.8 cm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores 8-10, oblongo-lineares, glabratae, apice obtusae, 3-6 mm. longae, patentes vel reflexae; interiores lanceolatae, paulo longiores, apice et basim versus saepe minute pulverulentae. Flores ligulati 5, lutei, ligula elliptico-oblongi vel anguste obovati, apice plus minusve denticulati, 7 mm. longi. Achaenia paleis elongatis parce aequantia, plerumque anguste rarius late linearia, plana vel obcompresso-triquetra, exalata, atra, dense erecto-hispida pilis stramineis, corpore 5-8 mm. longa et 0.5-1 mm. lata, apice plerumque biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis 0.5-1 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Alexander Mathews, No. 110, Pit- cairn Island, March, 1830 (Kew). Distribution: Known only from type locality, Pitcairn Island, in southern Pacific Ocean. Specimens examined : F. R. Fosberg & Roy Clark 11276, spreading, leaves with parsnip odor, in rock crevices at top of cliffs, St. Paul's Point, June 14, 1934 (BerL; Bish.; Field; Gray; Kew; U.S.; nom. indig. alehau) ; Harold St. John 15003, trailing shrub, on steep turfy slopes, summit of precipice above The Rope, alt. 200 meters, June 14, 1934 (Berl.; Bish.; Field; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.; foliis fragrantibus odore Alyxiae olivaeformis fide St. Johnii); Mathews 110 (type, Kew: cotype, Gray). A plant with the foliage habit sometimes of Bidens australis Spreng., but having fewer and larger heads, more numerous and more uniformly linear (not apically dilated) exterior involucral bracts, and larger, much more hispid achenes. EXPLANATION OF PLATE V Bidens Mathewsii: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.57; 6, exterior involucral bract, X4.56; c, interior involucral bract, X4.56; d, ray corolla, X4.56; e, palea, X4.56; /, disc floret, X4.56; g, achene, X4.56; all from type. 16. Bidens aoraiensis M. L. Grant, sp. nov. Frutex 2 m. altus, multum ramosus; ramulis subtetragonis, duabus faciebus (his oppositis) depressis tomentulosisque, internodiis 7-15 mm. longis. Folia ramulorum apices versus conferta, opposita, petiolata petiolis subplanis sed vix alatis 0.5-2 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-8 cm. longa et 1.5-3 cm. lata, simplicia, glabra, ovata vel ovato-oblonga, apice acuta acuminataque, basi cuneata vel acumi- nata, acriter serrata ( 25 dentibus pro utroque latere), membranacea, Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate V BIDENS MATHEWSII Sherff OF THt THE GENUS BIDENS 91 supra flavido-viridia, infra paulo pallidiora. Inflorescentia terminalis et in axillis superioribus disposita, corymboso-paniculata, circ. 5 cm. alta et 4 cm. lata, non exserta, pubescens, 10-20-cephala; pedunculis primariis tomentoso-sulcatis 0.5-2 cm. longis ultimis (pedicellis) 0.5-2 cm. longis et circ. 0.7 mm. crassis et inferne saepe paulum tomentellis. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 12 mm. lata et 6-7 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae 3-seriales; extimae plerumque 6 vel 7, spathulato-oblongae (supra medium et basim versus dila- tatae), puberulentae, tergo saepius 3-nervatae, apice subacutae, 3-4 mm. longae et circ. 1 mm. latae; medianae intimaeque apice ciliatae vel puberulentae, 4-6 mm. longae et circ. 1.8-2 mm. latae. Flores ligulati circ. 4, flavi, 3-denticulati, 7-9-nervii, 6 mm. longi et 1.8 mm. lati, corolla mature decidua. Paleae lineares, acutae, 4 mm. longae et 0.6 mm. latae. Disci flores circ. 35-40, flavi, 6 mm. longi; poculo nectarifero circum styli basim circ. 0.5 mm. alto. Achaenia linearia, obcompressa, nigra, exalata, duabus facie- bus plus minusve obsolete 4-sulculata et interdum valde mediano- costata (itaque subtetragona), omnino et minutissime acri-papillata, marginibus interdum setosa, corpore 3.8-4.5 mm. longa et circ. 0.7 mm. lata, sub apice saepius aristata; 2 aristis retrorso-hispidis, aequalibus vel inaequalibus, usque ad 1-1.25 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Martin Lawrence Grant, No. 3794, at altitude of 2,063 meters, in scrub forest on summit of Mt. Aorai, District of Mahina, Tahiti, June 7, 1930 (Bish.). Distribution: Tahiti, Society Islands. Specimens examined: Grant 3794 (type, Bish.); idem 4419, alt. 1,015 meters, in Metrosideros forest, Mahina, Ahonu-Tuauru ridge, November 7, 1930 (Bish.). An additional specimen is cited by Grant in his manuscript: Quayle, Mt. Aorai, Tahiti, August 1-3, 1922 (Bish.). Differs from B. australis chiefly in the tomentose-channeled twigs and peduncles, the broader and shorter leaves, the larger and less numerous capitula, the longer exterior involucral bracts, and the larger ray corollas. Differs from B. deltoidea in the acuminate (not caudate) leaves with attenuate (not obtuse) bases, more numerous lateral nerves and glabrous (not ciliate) petioles, larger capitula, etc. 17. Bidens Henryi Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 164. 1923; ibid. 85: 24, pi. 2, figs. a-i. 1928. PL VI, figs. u-i. Campylotheca Henryi (Sherff) F. Brown, Fl. S. E. Polynesia 3 (Bish. Mus. Bull. 130): 355. 1935. 92 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Fruticosa, glabra, ramosa, circ. 1 m. alta. Folia superiora (infe- riora non vidi) in petiolum 1-3 cm. longum subcuneato-angustata, petiolo adjecto 5-11 cm. longa et 2-3 cm. lata, in specimine typico indivisa, ovato-lanceolata, satis acuminata, argute serrata 10-20 dentibus in unico latere, membranacea, non ciliata; inferiora majora ac cordiformia vel oblonga sed basi cordata. Capitula in nonnullis pedunculis ramum terminantibus et 5-6.5 cm. longis, pauca, pro patria magna, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 3.3-4 cm. lata et 8-10 mm. alta; disco demum circ. 12 mm. lato et 9 mm. alto. Involucrum glabrum vel basi parce hispidulum; bracteis exterioribus circ. 8, elongatis, linearibu^, patentibus, plerumque subacutis, subeciliatis, 7-10 mm. longis et 0.6-1.2 mm. latis; interioribus oblongo-lanceo- latis 5-7 mm. longis. Flores ligulati 5-8, ligula oblongo-elliptici, flavi, 9-14 striis percursi, apice parce denticulati, 1.2-1.9 cm. longi. Achaenia linearia vel lineari-oblonga, exalata, atra vel griseo-livida vel interdum ad terminos brunneo-straminea, faciebus glabra, mar- ginibus glabra vel interdum supra adrecte 1-3-setosa; exteriora valde obcompresso-tetragona sed non vere alata, corpore 5-8 mm. alta et 1-1.6 mm. lata; interiora subtetragona, usque ad 1.1 cm. alta et circ. 1 mm. lata; omnia apice raro calva, saepius apice vel sub apice breviter 1-3-aristata aristis crassis, nudis vel obsoletissime suberecto-denticulatis, 0.3-1 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Charles Henry, arid region [at altitude of 1,050-1,200 meters], Atuona Valley Ridge on route to Hanamenu, Island of Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands, December, 1917 (Field). Distribution: Known only from type locality, Island of Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands. Specimens examined: Forest B. H. Brown 1084, alt. above 900 meters, Feani, December 15, 1921 (Bish.); idem & Elizabeth D. W. Brown 1018, alt. 800 meters, Ootua, eodem tempore (Bish.); Charles Henry, arid region, Atuona Valley Ridge, etc. (type, Field : cotype, Par., sub num. 14) ; E. H. Quayle 1600, alt. 800 meters, Hanaiapa, October 30, 1922 (Bish.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI, FIGS, d-4 Bidens Henryi: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.68; 6, exterior involucral bract, X4.08; c, interior involucral bract, X4.08; d, ray corolla, X2.72; e, palea, X4.08; /, disc floret, X4.08; g, h, i, achenes, X4.08; all from type. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate VI BIDENS HENRYI Sherff (figs, a-i) BIDENS PULCHELLA (Less.) Schz. Bip. (figs, j-p) -.- '">ftMtf - THE GENUS BIDENS 93 18. Bidens glabrata (Gray) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 88: 292. 1929. PI. VII. Bidens Lantanoides var. (?) glabrata Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 128. 1861. Frutex, ramis subtetragonis, hinc inde hispidulis, minute striatis. Folia breviter ac late petiolata petiolis basaliter ciliatis circ. 1 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 7-10 cm. longa et 2-3 cm. lata, oblonga, basi sensim attenuata apice subabrupte attenuata et breviter acuminata, lamina glabra, crassiuscula, acriter serrata unico latere 11-19 dentibus. Capitula corymboideo-paniculata, pedunculata pedunculis validis usque ad 8 cm. longis, verisimiliter radiata, involucris demum basi db 7 mm. latis. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 7, late lineares, apice subobtusae, tergo non nisi basim versus pubescentes, circ. 4 mm. longae; interiores oblongo-lanceolatae, 6-7 mm. longae. Achae- nia submatura brunnea, matura atra, valde obcompressa, linearia, nunc inferne nunc superne attenuata, glabra, exalata, unica facie circ. 4-sulcata, corpore 4-5 mm. longa et circ. 0.8 mm. lata, apice biaristata aristis tenuibus retrorsum hamosis usque ad 2.2 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by the United States Southern Pacific Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes on Tahiti, Society Islands (U.S.). Distribution: Known only from type locality, Tahiti, Society Islands. Specimens examined : U. S. S. Pacif. Expl. Exped. under Capt. Wilkes (type, U.S.). The description is drawn from the two small branches on the type sheet. These are somewhat fragmentary, yet quite sufficient to indicate an identity specifically distinct from all heretofore known Pacific species. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII Bidens glabrata: a, remnant of flowering and fruiting branch, X0.68; 6, exterior involucral bract, X5.44; c, interior involucral bract, X5.44; d (young), e (older), achenes, X5.44; all from type. 19. Bidens orofenensis M. L. Grant ex Sherff, Bishop Mus. Occas. Paps. 12. No. 19: 4. 1937. Frutex 1 m. altus, caule basi 6 mm. crasso; ramulis crassis sub inflorescentia circ. 3 mm. diametro, tomentuloso-canaliculatis, brunneis. Folia petiolata petiolis alatis glabris 1-2 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 10-13.5 cm. longa et 2-3 cm. lata, membranacea, 94 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI lanceolata vel elliptico-lanceolata, apice acriter acuminata, basi cuneato-acuminata, perspicue serrata (dentibus patentibus 10-26 pro utroque latere), glabra. Inflorescentia terminalis corymbiformis non vel pro parte parva exserta, pedunculis glabris 5-9 cm. longis. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin 17-23 mm. lata et 7-10 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 7 vel 8, adpressae, oblonge lineares vel lineari-oblanceolatae, apice subacutae, tergo 3-nerviae, glabrae, 8-12 mm. longae et 2-2.5 mm. latae, quam interiores lanceolatae extus sparsim puberulentae intus apice tomentulosae manifesto longiores. Flores ligulati (fide lectorum) pauci, parvi, flavi. Paleae lineari-oblongae, 5.3 mm. longae et 1 mm. latae. Disci flores flavi, 7 mm. longi. Achaenia submatura oblonge linearia, basim versus angustata, plana vel costis medianis perspicuis subte- tragona, dorsaliter (ut ventraliter) subobscure 4-sulculata, porriginosa, maxima ex parte griseo-atra, corpore circ. 4 mm. longa et 1-1.2 mm. lata, perspicue biaristata; aristis vix sub apice ortis, divergentibus, apicem versus retrorsum infra antrorsum vel subantrorsum brevis- simi-barbatis, circ. 2 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Harold St. John and Francis Ray- mond Fosberg, No. 17068, at altitude of 2,020 meters, summit and shaded sides of steep ridge, south ridge of Mt. Orofena, Tahiti, September 24, 1934 (Bish.). Distribution: Tahiti, Society Islands. Specimens examined: St. John & Fosberg 17068 (type, Bish.: cotypes, Bish.; Field). 20. Bidens hawaiensis Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 128. 1861. l PI. VIII. Campylotheca hawaiiensis (Gray) Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 211,214.1888. Coreopsis hawaiiensis (Gray) Drake del Cast. Illustr. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 209. 1890. Frutex herbaceus, glaberrimus, caule plerumque glaucescens, 7 dm. altus. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1.5-3.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 8-12 cm. longa et 2.5-3.5 cm. lata, crassiuscula, interdum nitida, serrata, acuminata, plerumque indivisa, oblongo- lanceolata. Capitula vix numerosa, corymboso-paniculata, medio- cria, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 5-8 mm. alta et circ. 2-2.5 cm. lata. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-7, lineares, obtusae, glabrae vel his- pidae, circ. 2-3 mm. longae, quam interiores minores. Flores ligulati 1 Published as B. hawaiensis by Gray; trivial name later spelled hawaiiensis by some writers. Field Museum of Natural History- Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate VII BIDENS GLABRATA (Gray) Sherd T"- I I II - OF THfc OF .'HINDIS THE GENUS BIDENS 95 7-8, ligula anguste oblongi, flavi, ad apicem plus minusve denti- culati, 1 cm. longi. Achaenia recta, anguste linearia, exalata, brunneo-nigra, corpore 8-11 mm. longa et 1-1.5 mm. lata, faciebus et marginibus glabra, sub apice nudo breviter biaristata aristis erectis et retrorsum barbatis, plerumque 1-2 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by the United States Southern Pacific Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes, on the Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands, 1840 (Gray). Distribution: Islands of Maui (fide Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 214. 1888) : and Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Ballieu 46, Hawaiian Isls. (Par.); William Hillebrand, perhaps Isl. Hawaii (BerL); Macrae, Mt. Kaah (Mauna Kea), Isl. Hawaii, June, 1825 (Gray); U. S. S. Pacif. Expl. Exped. (Capt. Wilkes}, Isl. Hawaii, 1840 (type, Gray: cotypes, Mun.; Par.). B. distans, a species from the Island of Lanai, was confused by me with this species in my conspectus of the species and varieties of Bidens native to islands of the central Pacific Ocean (Bot. Gaz. 85:24.1928). In the Hawaiian Islands this and the other species of Bidens are known by the common name "kokoolau" (fide Degener, Ferns Flow. PL Hawaii Nat. Park 295. 1930). EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII Bidens hawaiensis: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.6; &, exterior involucral bract, X4.8; c, interior involucral bract, X5.6; d, ray corolla, X3.6; e, palea, X4.8; /, disc floret, X5.2; g, h, achenes, X3.6; i, fruiting head, Xl; all from type. 21. Bidens distans Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 89: 362. 1930. PI. IX. Frutex erectus, glaber, ramosus, verisimiliter 6-9 dm. altus, caule subtereti glaucescenti. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 3-4.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 9-16 cm. longa, nunc pinnatim 3-5-partita foliolis lanceolatis serratis dentibus acriter mucronatis, apice acutis sed parce acuminatis; nunc indivisa lamina lanceolata 11.5 cm. longa et 4 cm. lata, unico latere circ. 16-20 dentibus munita. Capitula paniculato-corymbosa, numerosa, subdense disposita (dis- tantia) pedicellis tenuibus plerumque 1-2 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.5-2 cm. lata et circ. 6-7 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores 4-6, oblongo-lineares, obtusae, minimae (1-2 mm. longae), quam interiores lanceolatae multo minores. Flores ligulati plerum- 1 Hillebrand's specimen from East Maui (Berl.) is of doubtful identity. 96 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI que 5, ligula anguste oblongi, flavi, apice plus minusve denticulati, 8-12 mm. longi. Achaenia recta vel vix curvata, anguste linearia, plana, exalata, atra vel ad apicem brunnea, utraque facie circ. 4-sulcata, corpore 8-11.5 mm. longa et 1.1-1.7 mm. lata, facie marginibusque glabra, apice interdum paucisetosa, sub apice irregu- lariter biaristata aristis erectis et retrorsum barbatis, usque ad 1 (rarius -3) mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes, No. 148L, "at Gay's," on mountains near Koele, 1 Island of Lanai, Hawaiian Islands, June, 1918 (Field). Distribution: Known only from Island of Lanai, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Forbes 148L (type, Field: cotype, Bish.); George C. Munro, Kapano, Lanai, July 28, 1915 (Field) ; Joseph F. Rock 8008, south coast of Lanai, July 28, 1910 (Gray). Differs from J3. hawaiensis Gray in its smaller and more numerous heads, minute exterior involucral bracts, fewer rays, mostly divided leaves, etc. Differs from B. micrantha Gaud, in its more open inflores- cence, dullish-black, not truly shining achenes, glaucescent stem, etc. EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX Bidens distans: a, flowering branch, X0.55; b, c, compound leaves, X0.55; d, exterior involucral bract, X5.54; e, interior involucral bract, X5.54; /, ray corolla, X4.43; g, palea, X3.88; h, disc floret, X6.09; i, achene, X3.32; 6, from G. C. Munro, Kapano, July 28, 1915, in Hb. Field; rest from type. 22. Bidens Degeneri Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 3. 1928. PL X, figs. i-o. Campylotheca dichotoma Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 212. 1888. Coreopsis dichotoma (Hillebr.) Drake del Cast. Illustr. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 209. 1890. Bidens dichotoma (Hillebr.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 98. 1920; non B. dichotoma Desf. Tabl. ed. 1. 108. 1804 (nomen nudum); nee B. dichotoma Desf. Cat. PL Hort. Reg. Par. ed. 3. 185. 1829. Multa folia indivisa B. Degeneri sensu stricto. Folia plerumque 3-partita var. /3. Apioides. 1 Spelled Koala upon United States Geological Survey map. But a Mrs. Greenland (nee Gay) informed H. Wiebke (fide O. Degeneri in lit., Feb. 9, 1928) that the name is spelled locally Koele, not Koala. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate VIII :;,: I'RARY OF THt HWVWttTY ftp MMK81S THE GENUS BIDENS 97 Humilis, prostrata vel erecta, inferne lignea, superne herbacea, glabra, ramis brevibus saepe dichotomis et cymis veteribus annorum priorum in furcis, verisimiliter usque ad 4 dm. alta. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis 1-2.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 2-6.5 cm. longa, parce carnosa, moderate serrata, nunc indivisa, ovata obovatave et breviter acuminata, nunc tripartita foliolis ovatis lanceolatisve basi rotundatis vel cuneatis. Capitula minima, plerumque numerosa, radi- ata, pansa ad anthesin 6-8 mm. lata et 4-5 mm. alta, in cymis minutis 3-5 (-poly) -cephalis disposita, pedunculis 2-5 cm. longis, pedicellis 2-20 mm. longis. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-7, lineares, glabrae vel obscure glanduloso-hispidae, adpressae vel reflexo-patentes, 1-2 mm. longae, quam interiores lanceolatae plerumque breviores. Flores ligulati circ. 3 vel 4, lutei, ligula ovati vel elliptici, apice irregulariter plus minusve profunde incisi, circ. 4-5 mm. longi. Achaenia linearia, curvata vel torta, exalata, obcompressa vel subtetragona, subnigra, glabra vel supra sparsissime erecto-hispida, corpore 6-8 mm. longa et circ. 0.6-1 mm. lata, nunc biaristata aristis tenuibus circ. 1 mm. longis et apice retrorsum hamosis, nunc omnia exaristata, quam paleae breves multo longiora. Type specimen: Collected by William Hillebrand, Waikapu ("above Maalaea or on Haleakala," fide Hillebr. loc. cit.), Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands (Berl.). Distribution: Islands of Oahu, Molokai, and Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Otto Degener & Henry Wiebke 2162, extremely common on arid, windswept, rocky sides at medium eleva- tions, Pohakea Gulch, Maui, July 11, 1927 (Berl.; Field; Kew; Haw.); iidem 2179, arid, windswept ridge north of Pohakea Gulch, near Wailuku, Maui, July 23, 1927 (Berl.; Boiss.; Field, 8 sheets; Haw.; Kew; Mun.) ; C. N. Forbes, sea cliffs, Halawa Valley, Molokai, August, 1912 (Bish.) ; idem 19820, Waimano Ridge, Oahu, October 27-30, 1914 (Bish.); Gaudichaud 220 pro parte and 221 pro parte, Hawaiian Isls., September-October, 1836 (Par.); William Hillebrand, Waikapu, Maui (Berl. ; type) ; H. Mann & W. T. Brigham 450, mountains near Waikapu, Maui (Bish.; Gray). The minute flowering heads are a distinguishing characteristic of Bidens Degeneri, also the low stature, the small leaves, and the often much thickened, ligneous stems. The achenes are less distinc- tive. Mann & Brigham 450, with which Hillebrand stated his type material to be "identical," has even the youngest achenes exaristate. The Forbes material from Oahu has the numerous small, immature 98 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI achenes likewise exaristate. Among the many hundreds of fruiting heads found upon the Degener & Wiebke material, however, several heads were observed to have the achenes mainly aristate. B. Degeneri was named in honor of Otto Degener, formerly of the University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Bidens Degeneri var. /3. Apioides Sherff, loc. cit. E specie foliis plerumque 3-partitis, grosse serratis vel dentatis vel etiam lobatis, foliolo terminali interdum subtripartito differt. Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener & Henry Wiebke, No. 21796, windswept ridge, north of Pohakea Gulch, near Wailuku, Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands, July 23, 1927 (Field). Distribution: Known only from type locality, north of Pohakea Gulch, near Wailuku, Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined : Otto Degener & Henry Wiebke 21796 (type, Field: cotype, Haw.). Western Maui is connected with eastern Maui by a broad, sandy isthmus, Wailuku, which appears to be the real home of the species. Recently Degener & Wiebke, on finding many specimens of the species proper, their number 2179, growing near Wailuku, observed several bizarre plants which may be designated 21796. Regarding these latter, Mr. Degener (in lit.) states: "Plants of this type are somewhat rare and grow intermingled with typical ones." The leaves have their leaflets deeply toothed or lobed and suggest in outline the leaves of common celery, Apium graveolens L., whence the varietal name Apioides. EXPLANATION OF PLATE X, FIGS, i-0 Bidens Degeneri: i, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.59; j, exterior involucral bract, X5.88; k, interior involucral bract, X5.88; I, ray corolla, X5.88; ra, palea, X5.88; n, disc floret, X5.88; o, achene, X5.88; all from Forbes 19820 in Hb. Bish. 23. Bidens asymmetrica (Levl.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 81: 49. 1926; ibid. 85: 25 and pi. 3, 1928. PI. XI and PI. XII, figs. a-4. Bidens gracilis Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, 7: 368. 1841; Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 105, pi 13, figs. a-i. 1920; non Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 215. 1828. Campylotheca gracilis (Nutt.) Walp. Repert. Bot. Syst. 2: 618. 1843. fleld Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate IX 'b i & BIDENS DISTANS Sherff Of THt THE GENUS BIDENS 99 Lipochaeta asymmetrica LeVl., Fedde Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 122. 1912. l Bidens halawana Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 94: 589. 1933. Herbacea vel demum fruticosa, gracilis, glabra, ramosa ramis saepe rubescentibus, verisimiliter 6-9 dm. alta; caule infra obsolete supra plus minusve acriter tetragono. Folia plerumque serrata vel etiam laciniato-dentata, nunc indivisa et ovata vel lanceolata, basi subcordata vel rotundata et saepius moderate asymmetrica, apice acuta vel acuminata, petiolis adjectis 3-13 cm. longa et 1-3.5 cm. lata; nunc tripartita, foliolis lanceolatis, foliolo terminali usque ad 4 cm. lato, lateralibus dimidio minoribus; petiolis tenuibus 1-6 cm. longis; raro foliis multo majoribus. Capitula parva, in inflorescentia composite bracteato-cymosa disposita, in ramulis solitaria vel bina, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1-2 cm. lata et 5-7 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores 6-9, patulae, lineares, apicem versus subglandu- losae, alibi glabrae, apice subacutae, circ. 4-5 mm. longae, quam interiores lanceolatae ad apicem saepe minutissime pubescentes paulo (vel interdum fere dimidio) breviores. Flores ligulati saepius 4, flavi, ligula late oblongo-oblanceolati, apice saepe obsolete 2-3- denticulati, 3-11 mm. longi. Achaenia plerumque plus minusve torta, oblongo-linearia, nunc infra nunc supra angustata, non vere alata, atro-brunnea, faciebus striata, glabra vel margine saepe 1-3 setis praedita, corpore 6-14 mm. longa et 0.8-1.5 mm. lata, nunc brevissime biaristata aristis 0.3-0.8 mm. longis et glabris vel apicem versus retrorsum hispidulis, nunc uniaristata vel etiam exaristata, saepe omnibus tribus formis in eodem capitulo. Type specimen: Collected by Abbe Urbain Faurie, No. 960, Kalihi, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, October, 1909. 2 Distribution: Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: William Bush & D. LeRoy Topping 3765, shady bank, Pacific Heights Trail, October 14, 1934 (Field) ; Christo- phersen, Wilder, & Hume 1502, alt. 300-500 meters, open forest, head of Kalihi Valley, January 25, 1931 (Bish. ; Field) ; Otto Degener 2096, dry, sunny ridge, Fort Shafter, Honolulu, October 22, 1922 (Field, 3 sheets); idem 10035, open woods, rim of Mt. Tantalus, November 12, 1935 (Field) ; idem & Kwan Kee Park 10066, eodem loco, November 20, 1935 (Field) ; iidem, Yoshimasa Nitta, & William 1 LeVeille's original spelling was asymetrica, perhaps through influence of the French asymetrique. However, the universally accepted (New) Latin form calls for asymmetrica, which is here used in keeping with article 70 of the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature (Revision of 1930). 2 Type herbarium not cited by Leveille. Specimens of Faurie 960 occur, however, in Hb. Brit., Hb. Del., and Hb. Par. 100 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Bush 4133, on partly forested lateral ridge, north slope of South Halawa Gulch, about one mile from top of Koolau Range, April 17, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Field, 2 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.; type collection of Bidens halawana Deg. & Sherff ) ; Degener, Park, & Nitta 4134, in forest, ridge on south slope of North Halawa Gulch, about 0.75 mile from No. 4133, April 17, 1932 (Berl.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.) ; Degener, Park, & Takamoto 10332, partly wooded ridge, C.C.C. Trail, Aiea, February 16, 1936 (Field, 2 sheets) ; Degener, Park, Top- ping, Bush, & Potter 10070, open rainy woods at Middle Halawa Ridge, May 26, 1935 (Field) ; Degener, Park, & T. Yamamoto 3237, in forest on plateau, about 2.5 miles northeast of main road above Forest Reserve fence, Red Hill, October 9, 1932 (Berl. ; Brit. ; Del. ; Field ; Goth. ; Gray ; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.); iidem 4236, in thick, tall grass near summit of ridge, about 2 miles northeast of main road just below Forest Reserve fence, Red Hill, October 9, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Del.; Field; Goth.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.); Faurie 960 (type collection; Brit.; Del.; Par.); C. N. Forbes 11840, Moanalua Valley, March 9, 1909 (Bish.); F. R. Fosberg & Harold St. John 9343, alt. 460 meters, in wet forest, Kalauao-Waimalu Ridge, Koolau Mts., March 29, 1933 (Berl.; Field, 2 sheets; Goth.; Gray; Mo.); William Hillebrand, Nuuanu (Berl., 2 sheets, sub nom. Campylotheca macro- carpa et var. /3.); idem 35, Oahu (Kew) ; Mann & Brigham 98 pro parte, Oahu (Brit.; Corn.; Del., cum B. macrocarpa commixt.; Field; Mo.; U.S.); Archibald Menzies, Hawaiian Isls. (Brit.); Thomas Nuttall, Oahu (Brit.; type of B. gracilis Nutt.); Harold St. John 11181, shrub 3 ft. tall, alt. 510 meters, wooded ridge, main ridge running southwest from Puu Lanihuli, Kalihi-Nuuanu, November 29, 1931 (Field); D. LeRoy Topping 3834, dry, sunny bank, along new C.C.C. Trail, Aiea, September 22, 1935 (Field); idem & Colin Potter (Degener distrib. No.) 10037, middle Halawa Ridge, Nov. 10, 1935 (Field). Until recently, no botanist appears to have given this species serious attention. In 1843, Walper categorically transferred it along with two others described by Nuttall from Bidens to Campylotheca. In 1861, Gray (Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 128) referred it, with Bidens mutica Nutt., to B. sandvicensis Less. Nuttall's types of B. gracilis and B. mutica are still extant in a state of excellent preservation (Brit.). The type of B. gracilis is clearly distinct from that of B. mutica. It is distinct also from the type specimen of B. sandvicensis Less. (Berl.). In 1888, Hillebrand doubtfully referred the species to a variety of B. macrocarpa, but Nuttall's type is not even remotely matched by the type material (U.S.; Gray; N.Y.) of B. macrocarpa. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate X /I BIDENS MICRANTHA Gaud. (figs, a-h) BIDENS DEGENERI Sherff (figs, i-o) OF TKt UNIVERSITY OF MilNQIS THE GENUS BIDENS 101 It is, however, the same as Mann & Brigham 98, wrongly distributed to various herbaria as B. hawaiensis. B. hawaiensis is a much coarser plant and differs in many characters from Nuttall's B. gracilis. The type material of Lipochaeta asymmetrica LeVl. is found to be a coarser and more herbaceous form, inseparable in technical characters from this species. 1 The trivial name asymmetrica is here taken up because of the homonym Bidens gracilis Torr. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI Bidens asymmetrica: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.6; 6, tripartite leaf, X0.6; c, exterior involucral bract, X3.6; d, interior involucral bract, X3.6; e, ray corolla, X3.6; /, palea, X3.6; g, disc floret, X3.6; h, i, achenes, X3.6; all from type or cotype material in Hb. Del. and Hb. Brit. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII, FIGS, a-4 Bidens asymmetrica: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.63; 6, tripartite leaf, X0.63; c, exterior involucral bract, X6.3; d, interior involucral bract, X6.3; e, ray corolla, X6.3; /, palea, X6.3; g, disc floret, X6.3; h, i, achenes, X6.3; 6, from Forbes 11840 in Hb. Bish.; rest from Mann & Brigham 98, ibid. 24. Bidens cervicata Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 99. 1920. PL XIII, figs. h-p. Glabra, supra herbacea, infra forsan suffruticosa; caule acute tetragono, ramoso, 8 dm. alto. Folia membranacea, pinnata vel summa tripartita, petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1.5-4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 7-15 cm. longa, foliolis lanceolatis, acuminatis, serratis (dentibus acribus et tenuiter mucronatis), sparsim ciliatis, 2.5-9 cm. longis et 0.8-2.8 cm. latis. Capitula multa, subcorymbosa, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.5-1.8 cm. lata et 5-7 mm. alta. Involucri brac- teae exteriores plerumque 5, lineares, glabratae, patentes vel reflexae, 1.5-2.5 mm. longae, interioribus multo breviores. Flores ligulati circ. 5, flavidi, ligula ovato-lanceolati vel elliptico-oblongi, apice saepe profunde et acriter dentati, 7-9 mm. longi. Achaenia tenuiter linearia, nigra, exalata, exaristata, glabra vel 1-paucis setis munita, torta, infra angustata, supra cervici-elongata, 1-1.3 cm. longa. Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes, No. 1085K pro parte, in Waimea Drainage Basin, west side, Island of Kauai, Hawai- ian Islands, July 3-August 18, 1917 (Bish.). 1 The herbaceous form, with large, mainly simple leaves, is the plant had in mind by Hillebrand (excl. syn. B. sandvicensis var. ovatifolia Gray) f or his Campy- lotheca macrocarpa var. /3. (Fl. Haw. Isls. 215. 1888). 102 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Distribution: Known only from type locality, Waimea Drainage Basin, Island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined : Forbes 1085-K" pro parte (type, Bish., cum B. Cosmoidi commixt.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII, FIGS, h-p Bidens cervicata: h, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.54; i, one of larger leaves, X0.54; j, exterior involucral bract, X5.43; k, interior involucral bract, X5.43; I, ray corolla, X3.26; m, palea, X5.43; n, disc floret, X3.26; o, p, achenes, X3.26; i, from cotype in Hb. Field; rest from type. 25. Bidens graciloides Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 159. 1923. PI. XIV, figs. ar-g. Glabra, erecta vel repens, fruticosa, ramosa (ramis moderate tetragonis) vel infra simplex, 1-6 dm. alta. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis 1-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 3-6 cm. longa, nunc indivisa et ovata, nunc pinnata vel rarius subbipinnata, foliolis 3 vel 5 (vel rarius 7) ovatis vel ovato-lanceolatis, crenato-serratis, apice obtusis vel acutis, 0.4-2 cm. latis. Capitula laxe subcorymbosa, non plerum- que supra folia perspicue exserta, tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis usque ad 6 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.1-1.5 cm. lata et 5-7 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores 4-6, lineares vel oblongo-lineares, apice obtusae vel acutae, nunc hispidae nunc fere glabrae, 2-3 mm. longae; interiores lanceolatae, dimidio longiores. Flores ligulati 4-5, flavi, ligula elliptici, apice dentati, 5-7 mm. longi. Achaenia atra, plus minusve arcuata, plana, non vere alata, linearia, marginibus et saepe costis medianis sparsim setosa, unica facie circ. 4-striata, corpore 4-8 mm. longa et 0.6-1 mm. lata, nunc exaristata, nunc biaristata aristis tenuibus retrorsum hamosis, usque ad 1.5 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes, No. 24350, ridge, right-hand side, Waialae Iki, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, March 2, 1917 (Bish.). Distribution: Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: William Bush 27, alt. 540 meters, grassy slopes, Manoa Cliffs, Tantalus, June 11, 1929 (Field); Otto Degener 2264, cliffs at wet head of Kuliouou Valley, December 11, 1927 (Berl.; Boiss.; Field; Haw.; Kew); idem 2265, arid, sunny slope at base of Kuliouou Valley, December 11, 1927 (Berl.; Field, 3 sheets; Haw.; Kew) ; idem, K. K. Park & W. Hirai 4040, east ridge of Niu Valley, Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XI b t f BIDENS ASYMMETRICA (Levl.) Sherff . - Of omosnt of THE GENUS BIDENS 103 summit of ridge at edge of forest, April 20, 1931 (Field) ; iidem 4041, eodem loco et tempore, dry, grassy slope before reaching forest (Berl. ; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.); iidem 4045, east ridge of Kuliouou Valley, May 3, 1931 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.); Degener, Park, & Nitta 4160, sunny, grassy slope, middle ridge of Niu Valley, June 4, 1932 (Berl.; Boiss.; Calif.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.; U.V.); Forbes 18620, Oahu, December 11, 1913 (Bish.); idem 24350 (type, Bish.); idem 24740 et 24770, between Niu and Wailupe, April 11, 1917 (Bish.); A. A. Heller 1988 p.p., Nuuanu, March 23, 1895 (N.Y.); D. Le Roy Topping 3304, alt. 300 meters, open ridge, Niu Ridge, January 13, 1929 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field, 2 sheets; Kew; N.Y.). At times simulated by depauperate forms of B. sandvicensis. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV, FIGS, a-g Bidens graciloides: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.67; 6, exterior involucral bract, X6.67; c, interior involucral bract, X6.67; d, ray corolla, X4; e, palea, X6.67; /, disc floret, X6.67; g, achene, X4; all from type. 26. Bidens ctenophylla Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 5. 1928. PL XV and PI. XVI. Bidens schizoglossa Sherff, op. cit. 88: 288 and pi. 19. 1929. Frutex ramosus ramis rubescentibus subtetragonis vix glau- cescentibus glabratis, 1.2-1.5 (rarius -2.7) m. altus. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 2-5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 5-12 cm. longa, membranacea, nunc simplicia, basim integram versus rotundata vel late cuneata, supra medium raro integra plerumque perspicue pectinato-dentata dentibus (in unico latere saepius 3-9) plerumque prorsum spectantibus, apice acuminata, circumambitu ovata vel rhomboideo-ovata, margine debiliter ciliata, supra glabrata, infra saepe paucis setis sparsissime adpresso-hispida; nunc 1-2-pinnata, foliolis lanceolatis vel lineari-lanceolatis integris vel plus minusve pectinato-dentatis, lateralibus minoribus. Capitula numerosa, in inflorescentia corymbiformi vel paniculata disposita, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 4-6 mm. alta et circ. 1.5-1.8 cm. lata; pedicellis et pedunculis minimis dense et insigniter albido-pubescentibus. Invo- lucri bracteae dense hispidae, exteriores 5-8, lineares, patentes, apice acutae, 1.5-2.5 mm. longae; interiores lanceolatae, dimidio longiores. Flores ligulati plerumque 5, ligula late lineari-oblongi vel obovati, flavi, apice rotundato integri vel etiam acriter denticulati vel pro- funde lobati, 7-10 mm. longi. Achaenia demum paleas anguste 104 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI lineares paulo superantia, recta vel subrecta, sublate oblongo-linea- ria, valde obcompressa, corpora nigro 8-11 mm. longa et 1.5-2 mm. lata, faciebus marginibusque glabra, apice (saepe imperfecte) biaristata; aristis usque ad 1.2 mm. longis, in achaeniorum duos subalatos stramineos margines decurrentibus, retrorsum barbatis vel demum plus minusve calvis. Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener and Henry Wiebke, No. 2128, arid, weed-covered "aa" 1 slopes, between Puuwaawaa and Huehue, Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands, August 22, 1926 (Field, 2 sheets). Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: A. Borges (Degener distrib. No.) 3799, Huehue, November 26, 1929 (Field) ; Degener & Wiebke 2128 (type, Field, 2 sheets: cotypes, Berl.; Brit.; Haw.; Kew; Par., etc.); Degener & Yasuma Iwasaki 3813, usually 4 to rarely 6 feet high, on arid "aa" lava flows 1 near type locality north of Huehue, January 18, 1930 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field, 3 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.); iidem 3814, usually 5 to rarely 9 feet high, on extremely arid and hot lava flows along road west of Puuwaawaa, eodem tempore (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field, 3 sheets; Gray; Mo.); Alfred Meebold (Degener distrib. No.) 4168, Huehue, May 22, 1932 (Berl.; Field; Kew); idem 20821, Puuwaawaa, November, 1935 (Field); William A. & C.B. Setchell, near Huehue, June 24, 1924 (Calif.; type of B. schizoglossa Sherff) ; Carl Skottsberg 1954, 1955, and 19556, along the Kona-Kohala Road in North Kona, near branch road to Puuwaa- waa (Goth.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV Bidens ctenophylla: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.59; b, portion of pedicel, X6; c, exterior involucral bract, X3.54; d, interior involucral bract, X3.54; e, ray corolla, X2.37; /, palea, X3.54; g, disc floret, X3.54; h, achene, X3.54; a, mainly from cotype in Hb. Kew; rest from cotype in Hb. Field. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI Bidens ctenophylla: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.64; b, exterior involucral bract, X6.36; c, interior involucral bract, X6.36; d, e, ray corollas, X6.36; /, palea, X6.36; g, disc floret, X6.36; h, i, achenes, X6.36; all from type of Bidens schizoglossa Sherff. 1 Aa, Anglicized from the Hawaiian and meaning a loose, rough type of lava (fide Degeneri in lit.; cf. Degener, Plants Haw. Nat. Park. v. 1930). THE GENUS BIDENS 105 27. Bidens glandulifera M. L. Grant, sp. nov. Frutex 1.7 m. altus; ramulis gracilibus, lateribus plus minusve canaliculatis, glabris vel axillis subporrigini-tomentulosis. Folia subsparsim disposita, opposita, petiolata petiolis tenuibus subplanis glabris vel facie superiore tomentulosis, petiolo adjecto 4.5-6 cm. longa et d- 2.3 cm. lata, simplicia, membranacea, apice subabrupte acuminata, basi lato-cuneata vel subrotundata, marginibus acriter serrata (dentibus pro unico latere plerumque 15-20, nitide indurato- apiculatis), subflavido-viridia, infra vix pallidiora, lamina glabra vel glabrata. Inflorescentia terminalis et in axillis superioribus dis- posita, corymboso-paniculata, circ. 5 cm. alta et aequaliter lata, exserta, usque ad 20-cephala; pedunculis ultimis (pedicellis) sparsim puberulentis. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin 11 mm. lata et 8 mm. alta. Involucri basaliter puberulenti vel rarius glabrati bracteae exteriores circ. 8, spathulate lineari-oblanceolatae, apice subacuta 5-6 mm. longae et circ. 1 mm. latae; interiores lanceolatae, circ. 7 mm. longae et db 1.7 mm. latae. Flores ligulati 5 vel 6, flavi sed venis forsitan rubro-brunnei, obscure 3-5-denticulati, 8- vel 9-nervii, ligula obovati, circ. 6.5 mm. longi. Paleae lineares, 4-7 mm. longae. Flores tubulosi circ. 30-35, flavi, circ. 6.6 mm. longi, poculo nectarifero circum styli basim circ. 0.5 mm. alto. Achaenia linearia, plana et bimarginata vel interdum trigona et trimarginata, maximam partem subatra lateribus apiceque flavido-brunnea, utra- que facie glabra et plerumque 4-sulculata, marginibus supra medium antrorsum apicem versus retrorsum brevi-setulosa, corpore 7.5-9 mm. longa et circ. 1.5 mm. lata, marginibus superne productis bi- (vel tri-) aristata (aristis sub apice ipso ortis, retrorsum setosis, sub 1 mm. longis) ; summo corpore glabro vel 1- vel 2-setoso. Type specimen: Collected by Martin Lawrence Grant, No. 4958, at altitude of 530 meters, in ridge scrub, Tahuhuura, Mt. Tarapaia, Dis- trict of Tevaitapu, Island of Borabora, January 3, 1931 (Bish.). Distribution: Island of Borabora, Society Islands. Specimens examined : Grant 4958 (type, Bish.). Dr. Grant notes in his manuscript: "Serrations, margins of petioles, and occasionally twigs and lower surfaces of midribs with minute, sessile, callus-like, castaneous glands." These are, however, comparatively inconspicuous. 28. Bidens macrocarpa (Gray) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 97. 1920. PI. XVII, figs. a-4. Coreopsis (Campylotheca) macrocarpa Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 126. 1861. 106 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Folia principalia ternata vel pinnata 3-5 foliolis. B. macrocarpa sensu stricto. Folia simplicia var. /3. ovatifolia. Fruticosa, erecta, glabra, 1-2.4 m. alta. Folia petiolata petiolis te- nuibus 2-10 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 0.5-2.2 dm. longa, subcrassa, ternata vel pinnata velsumma saepe pro maxima parte simplicia et in- feriora plus minusve bipinnata; foliolis (3-5) ovatis vel ovato-lanceola- tis, cuspidatis, acriter et saepe creberrime serratis (dentibus interdum valde inflexis), parce membranaceis, lateralibus 2-6 cm. longis et 1-2 cm. latis (imis interdum bipartitis vel etiam tripartitis), terminal! majore saepius acuminate interdum tripartite, petiolulis lateralium plerumque 2-15 mm. longis. Inflorescentia laxa, aperta, foliolis linearibus vestita, folia superans. Capitula non numerosa, non minuta, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 7-8 mm. alta et circ. 3 cm. lata. Involucri bracteae subaequales, exteriores 5-7, crassae, late lineares, glabrae, circ. 6 mm. longae. Flores ligulati 5-7, flavi, ligula anguste vel late elliptico-oblongi, apice trifidi, 1-1.6 cm. longi; disci floribus 15-20. Achaenia pro capitulo magna, late linearia, plana, striata, brunnea vel atro-brunnea, glaberrima vel marginibus et apice setulosa, erecta vel subtorta, corpore 1.2-2 cm. longa et (ullis alis adjectis) 1.5-2.8 mm. lata, exalata vel alata, alis in duos dentes vel aristas sub corporis apice productis; aristis remotissime et minutissime, antrorsum retrorsumque barbatis, vel raro glabratis. Type specimen: Collected by the United States Southern Pacific Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, 1840 (U.S.). Distribution: Known only from the Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: E. H. Bryan, Jr., 847, shrub 2 meters tall, alt. 690 meters, moist ridge in rain forest, Kaluanui, October 14, 1934 (Field) ; William Bush 25, alt. 600 meters, wind-swept, wet slope, Wahiawa-Kahana Divide, June 9, 1929 (Field; Gray; Kew; N.Y.; U.S.); idem & D. L. Topping 3779 et 3780, shady bank, C.C.C. Trail, Waipio, March 10, 1935 (Field); Otto Degener, open forest, near Pauoa Flats, Mt. Tantalus, April 18, 1926 (N.Y.) ; idem 2674, wooded, moderately dry slope, about halfway along lower trail from Pauoa Flats to Mt. Olympus, February 25, 1928 (Field; N.Y.); idem 2675, eodem loco et tempore, more shaded than No. 2674 (Field) ; idem & K. K. Park 4082, growing rarely up to 8 ft. high, locally common in rain forest, just south of summit of Puu Lanipo on Wilhelmina Rise Ridge, November 11, 1931 (Berl.; Brit.; Calif.; Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XII BIDENS ASYMMETRICA (Levl.) Sherff (figs, o-t) BIDENS CUNEATA Sherff (figs, j-p) OF THt UHIVERW OF THE GENUS BIDENS 107 Del.; Field, 2 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.; U.V.); iidem & W. Hirai 4043, wind-swept mountain summit, about half- way along Waikane-Schofield Trail, April 4, 1931 (Berl.; Boiss.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Par.); Degener, Park, Potter, Bush, & Topping 10071, near summit, Poamoho Trail, Laie, August 18, 1935 (Field); iidem 10072, open forest, Waimano, June 9, 1935 (Field; forma monstrosa); iidem 10073, near 4-mile post, Kipapa Trail, Koolau Range, June 21, 1935 (Field); Degener, Takamoto, & Martinez 10540, open rain forest near summit, C.C.C. Trail, Aiea, March 15, 1936 (Field) ; Urbain Faurie 996, Panalieu, May, 1910 (Brit.); C. N. Forbes, Lanihuli Trail, October 14, 1908 (Bish.); idem, Palolo Valley Ridges, December 17, 1908 (Bish.) ; idem 22210, Waihiawa-Kahana Trail, August 17-20, 1915 (Bish.); idem (& Labouchere) 23130, ridge and foot of Kalihi Valley, March 9, 1916 (Bish.); idem 25530, Manoa Ridge, March 17, 1919 (Bish.); idem (& C. M. Cooke}, Koolauloa Mts. between Punaluu and Kaipapau, May 3-8, 1909 (Bish.); F. R. Fosberg 9525, suffrutescent herb 0.4 meter tall, wet, bushy ridge, alt. 740 meters, Waikane-Schofield Trail, divide between Kahana and Waianaeuka, May 14, 1933 (Field) ; idem 10285, exposed ridge, alt. 740 meters, Waikane-Schofield Trail, Koolau Mts., Kahana, September 22, 1933 (Field); idem 10726, suffrutescent herb 1 meter tall, wet forest, alt. 550 meters, Palolo- Waialae-Niu, Koolau Mts., December 27, 1934 (Field); idem & K. Duker 8680, alt. 620 meters, rain forest, ridge, South Kipapa Gulch, Koolau Mts., September 18, 1932 (Field; Kew); iidem 8803, alt. 600 meters, wet forest, Waikane-Schofield Trail, Koolau Mts., Kahana, October 16, 1932 (Field; Gray; Kew) ; Gaudichaud (Voy. la Bonite} 220pro parte and 221 p.p., Hawaiian Isls., September-October, 1836 (Par.) ; M. L. Grant 7242, shrub 4 ft. tall, alt. 690 meters, in Metrosideros forest, Kipapa- Waiawa Ridge, Waipio, August 7, 1934 (Field); A. A. Heller 2901, plentiful in forest, alt. 750 meters, on and near summit, Konahuanui, November 2, 1895 (Brit.; Calif.; Field; Kew; Minn.; Mo.; N.Y.; Par.; Petrop.; Phila.); William Hillebrand, Oahu (Kew) ; idem, Nuuanu (Berl. ; Gray) ; idem & J. M. Lydgate, Konahuanui, October 29, 1870-1872 (Bish.);E. Y. Hosaka 1107 and 1108, on wet, denuded ridge, alt. 600 meters, Kipapa Gulch, south ridge, Waipio, Koolau Mts., July 2, 1933 (Bish.; Field); Noel Krauss 4128, wet, open woods in upper Manoa Valley along Mt. Olympus, Pauoa Flats Trail, December 6, 1931 (Field); Mann & Brigham, Oahu (U.S.); iidem 98 pro minim, parte, Oahu (Del., cum B. asymmetrica commixt.) ; Alfred Meebold (Degener distrib. No.) 108 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI 4166, east ridge of Manoa Valley, June, 1932 (Field; Kew); Carl Skottsberg 153 and 1536, alt. 500-600 meters, Koolau, Nuuanu- Kalihi Ridge, August 13, 1922 (Goth.); idem 1776, Nuuanu- Pauoa Ridge, September 12, 1926 (Goth.); idem 1859, ridge above Kahana Bay, Koolau Mts., September 17, 1926 (Goth.); Harold St. John 10154, low shrub, alt. 690 meters, upper ridge Waikane- Schofield Trail, Kahana, January 19, 1930 (Field); idem 11193, shrub 4 ft. tall, alt. 600 meters, wooded ridge, main ridge running southwest from Puu Lanihuli, Kalihi-Nuuanu, November 29, 1931 (Bish. ; Field) ; U. S. S. Pacif. Expl Exped. under Capt. Wilkes, Oahu, 1840 (type, U.S.: cotypes, Gray; N.Y.); D.L. Topping 3060, growing 3-4 ft. high, along ridge, Wahiawa-Waihane Trail, March 8, 1925 (N.Y.); idem 3341, dry ridge along trail at 600 meters alt., Waipio Ridge, June 30, 1929 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Kew; U.S.); idem 3343, growing 3 ft. high along trail, open and dry, Waipio Ridge (Field) ; idem 3346, open trail, Waipio Ridge, June 30, 1929 (Field); Wawra (H. M. Frigate Donau) 1664, Oahu, 1868-1871 (Petrop.); M. Yamaguchi 1218, wet mountain ridge, alt. 570 meters, south ridge of Kipapa Gulch, Waipio, Koolau Mts., May 15, 1932 (Field); T. G. Yuncker (0. Degener distrib. No.) 4256, alt. 600 meters, rainy region, Kipapa Gulch Trail, September 18, 1922 (Field; Kew). Bidens macrocarpa can easily be told from all other species by its large, flat, usually brownish achenes, with many of their subapical aristae decurrent into flattened, lateral achenial margins or wings. Hillebrand (Fl. Haw. Isls. 215. 1888) confused other names with B. macrocarpa. Thus he listed as a synonym Bidens mutica Nutt. The type of B. mutica (Brit.) is trueB. sandvicensis Less. He created a var. 7. for plants from Niu and Makaleha, Oahu, to which he referred (1) B. sandvicensis as understood by A. Gray "(pro parte)" and (2) "probably also B. gracilis, Nutt." The type of his var. 7. (Brit.), however, is likewise B. sandvicensis Less. (cf. footnote under B. sand- vicensis Less., "Specimens examined"); and while indeed Gray had usually treated such material as B. sandvicensis, it must be noted that he was correct in so doing, as the species B. sandvicensis Less, was a valid one and in the main Gray was fairly familiar with it. B. gracilis Nutt. was of course quite unlike either B. macrocarpa or B. sandvicensis and reduces to B. asymmetrica (LeVl.) Sherff. According to Heller's printed note (Minn.), B. macrocarpa "appears to be confined to the forest." An apparently teratological form occurs with conspicuously laciniate-dentate leaf divisions. The leaves are 1-2- or sub-3- Fit-Id Museum ot Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI. Plate XIII BIDENS TORTA Sherff (figs, a-g) B1DENS CEHVICATA Sherff (figs, h-p) OF |U| THE GENUS BIDENS 109 pinnatifid. I have seen only one capitulum, and this one was very immature. Specimens examined: William Bush 7461, Mt. Tantalus, June 11, 1929 (Berl.; N.Y.); Degener, Park, Bush, Potter, & Topping 10069, near summit, west of Poamoho Trail, Laie, August 25, 1935 (Deg.) ; Degener, Park, & Hirai 4044, wind-swept mountain summit about halfway, Waikane-Schofield Trail, April 4, 1931 (Deg.; N.Y.). Bidens macrocarpa var. /3. ovatifolia (Gray) Sherff, op. cit. 85: 7. 1928. Bidens sandvicensis var. ovatifolia Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 128. 1861. Campylotheca (Coreopsis) macrocarpa var. ovatifolia (Gray) Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Ids. 215. 1888. Caulis herbaceus. Folia simplicia vel pauca tripartita, ovata, subcordata, longissime tenuiterque petiolata petiolis usque ad 6 cm. longis. Ovaria coronula setularum superata, exaristata. Type specimen: Collected by the United States Southern Pacific Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes on the Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, 1840 (U.S.). Distribution: Known only from the type locality, Oahu, Hawai- ian Islands. Specimens examined: U. S. S. Pacif. Expl. Exped. under Capt. Wilkes, Oahu, 1840 (type, U.S.). I have never seen another specimen exactly matching the type, but Bush & Topping 3780 and Forbes 23130, listed under the species proper, show in their lowermost leaves an approach to the ovatifolia form. The type's capitula are referable to B. macrocarpa rather than to B. sandvicensis. In fact, Drake del Castillo (Illustr. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 209. 1890) equated the ovatifolia form outright with B. macrocarpa (Coreopsis macrocarpa Gray). The exceptional nature of the leaves, however, makes it seem best to retain a varietal status for Gray's type, as was done by Hillebrand. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII, FIGS, a-i Bidens macrocarpa: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.56; 6, one of larger leaves, X0.56; c, exterior involucral bract, X3.38; d, interior involucral bract, X3.38; e, ray corolla, X3.38; /, palea, X3.38; g, disc floret, X3.38; h (submature), i (mature, outer), achenes, X3.38; a-h, from Forbes 23130 in Hb. Bish.; i, from Forbes, Palolo Valley Ridges, Isl. Oahu, December 17, 1908, ibid. 110 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI 29. Bidens magnidisca Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 93: 216. 1932. PI. XVII, figs. j-l. Herba erecta, perennis, fruticosa, glabra, caule tetragona, veri- similiter 6-10 dm. alta. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus usque ad 9 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 2 dm. longa, acriter serrata, nunc indivisa, ovata vel ovato-lanceolata, basi (saepe obliqua) late cuneata vel rotundata vel truncato-subcordata, apice acuta vel breviter acuminata, usque ad circ. 4.5 cm. lata; nunc pinnatim 3-5- partita, foliolis ovatis vel oblongo-lanceolatis, lateralibus basi valde obliquis et saepe (praecipue superioribus) decurrentibus, plerumque 1-3.5 cm. latis. Capitula irregulariter paniculata, pedicellata pedi- cellis glaberrimis saepius 1-2-bracteatis plerumque 1-3.5 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 2 vel vix 2.5 cm. lata, 0.8-1.5 cm. alta. Involucrum interius primum (pro capitulo juveni) late cylin- dricum vel turbinato-globosum, glaberrimo-subnitidum et supra clausum, exterius patens vel reflexum; demum bracteis exterioribus (6-8) saepe irregulariter positis, glabris, ovatis vel linearibus vel late oblongis, apicem obtusum versus saepe latioribus, plerumque tantum 1.5-3 rarius 5 mm. latis; interioribus oblongo-lanceolatis plerumque 5-7 mm. longis. Flores ligulati 6-8, non perspicui, flavidi, ligula cuneato-lineares, apice acriter (saepe profunde atque irregulariter) 3-4-dentati, tantum 6-9 mm. longi et 1.5-3 mm. lati. Flores disci circ. 30-45, aurantiaci, limbo acriter profundeque 5-lobati, deorsum sensim angustati, stylis antherisque exsertis paleas lineares ac flores ligulatos superantibus. Achaenia plana, lineari- oblonga, utrinque moderate attenuata, aegre torta, glabra, brunneo- nigra, valde mediano-nervata, utraque facie circ. 4-sulcata, corpore 8-15 mm. longa et 1-2 mm. lata, apice ipso exaristata sed infra apicem saepe irregulariter 1-2-aristata aristis brevibus validis plus minusve calvis ex achaeniorum marginibus (alis) desinentibus manifeste productis. Type specimen : Collected by Otto Degener, Kwan Kee Park, and F. Kruse, No. 4080, much localized on sunny, grassy, shrubby slope, western ridge of Kaipapau (not "Waipapau" as erroneously printed in original description) Valley just within forest reserve, Hauula, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, October 11, 1931 (Field, 4 sheets). Distribution : Known only from type locality on Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined : Degener, Park, & Kruse 4080 (4 type sheets, Field: cotypes, Berl.; Brit.; Del.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mus. V.; Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XIV BIDENS GRACILOIDES Sherff (figs, a-g) BIDENS WAIANENSIS Sherff (figs, h-p) Of THt THE GENUS BIDENS 111 N.Y.; Par.; U.S.; U.V.); N. H. Krauss, alt. 300-360 meters, Hauula, Koolau Mts., January 6, 1934 (Field). Should be investigated as to possibility of hybrid origin. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII, FIGS, j-l Bidens magnidisca: j (young) and k (flowering), heads, X0.67; I, achene, X3.38; all from type specimens. 30. Bidens micranthoides Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 100. 1920. PL XVIII. Bidens angustifolia Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. 2. 7: 369. 1841; non Bidens angustifolia Lam. Encycl. 1: 416. 1783. Campylotheca angustifolia (Nutt.) Walp. Repert. 2: 618. 1843. Herba glabrata, infra suffruticosa, supra ramosa ramis gracilibus, 3-5 dm. alta. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1-5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 3-7 (-12.5) cm. longa et 2-5 (-8) cm. lata, pinnatim 3-7- partita foliolis ovato-lanceolatis vel raro ovatis, serratis, ad apicem plerumque acutis vel etiam longissime acuminatis, nunc membrana- ceis, nunc subrugoso-crassiusculis, foliolis imis raro tripartitis. Capi- tula supra folia exserta, laxe corymbosa, ad anthesin 5-7 mm. alta et 1.5-2.5 cm. lata. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-7, lineares, ad apicem subobtusae, glabratae vel glanduloso-pulverulentae, 1-2.5 mm. longae, interiores multo longiores. Flores ligulati 4-6, flavi, ligula ovato-oblanceolati, ad apicem 2-4-dentulati, circ. 1 cm. longi. Achaenia linearia, exalata, nunc recta nunc torta, atra, supra et ad margines sparsim setosa, apice setoso-coronulata et biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis et usque ad 1.5 mm. longis vel saepe plus minusve exaristata, corpore 7-9 mm. longa. Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes, No. 704K, Haupu Range, Nawiliwili Bay, Island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands, October 31, 1916 (Bish.). Distribution: Islands of Oahu and Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: R. S. Bean 1, arid, rocky place, east ridge, Manoa Valley, Oahu, September 3, 1927 (Bn.) ; Beechey, Oahu (Kew) ; WilliamBush (Degener distrib. No.) 4163, on slopes of Waimea Canyon near lookout on way to Kokee, Kauai, June 9, 1932 (Berl.; Boiss.; Calif.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; Par.; U.V.); idem 4164, eodem loco (but at lower elevation) et tempore (Field, 2 sheets; forma foliorum segmentis angustioribus quidem linearibus); Otto Degener & Henry Wiebke 2167, dry, sunny canyon side, Olokele Canyon, Kauai, July 3, 1926 (Berl.; Field, 3 sheets; Kew);Faurie 112 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI 995, Kolea, Kauai, December, 1909 (Brit.); Forbes 494A', Wailua Falls, Kauai, October 5, 1916 (Bish.); idem 592JRT, Nonou Mts., Kauai, October 16-17, 1916 (Bish.) ; idem 704K (type, Bish.: cotype, Mo.); idem 18490, Waiolani Ridge, Oahu, October 27, 1913 (Bish.); idem 20140, Oahu, November 17, 1914 (Bish.); Gaudichaud (Voy. la Bonite), Hawaiian Isls., October, 1836 (Del.); Thomas Nuttall, Oahu (Brit.; type of Bidens angtistifolia Nutt.); Swezey (Degener distrib. No.) 4183, top of Puu Kapele, Kauai, July 13, 1932 (Field; Kew);idem (Degener distrib. No.) 4206 pro parte, Kokee region, Kauai, July, 1932 (Berl.; Field; Gray; cumB. sandvicensi commixt.); J. F. G. Stokes, cliffs at Puunui, Oahu, December, 1915 (Bish.) ; D. LeRoy Topping 2939, Niu Ridge, Oahu, November, 1924 (Calif.). Resembles more or less B. micrantha Gaud. In some cases the similarity in foliage is very deceiving. The specimen by Beechey had been determined as B. micrantha by Hooker and Arnott (cf. Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. 86. 1841), although in this case the foliage was very distinct from that of Gaudichaud's plate for B. micrantha. Asa Gray, who later studied the Beechey plant, referred it to B. sandvicensis Less. (cf. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 128. 1861), a species to which indeed B. micranthoides, through its Oahu material, seems transitional. From both B. micrantha and B. sandvicensis this species differs most noticeably in habit, being lower in stature, apparently more open in its branching, and certainly with the in- florescence much more open, the heads being variously scattered and at more different levels, and not so corymbose. As remarked in an earlier paper (Bot. Gaz. 76: 161. 1923), Asa Gray (Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 127-128. 1861) suspected B. angusti- folia Nutt. of belonging to B. sandvicensis, and Drake del Castillo (111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 210. 1890), evidently with Gray's treatment at hand, definitely equated the two species. A study, however, of Nuttall's type (Brit.) and the other specimens cited above shows a plant with aspect very different from that of B. sandvicensis. It is found to match exactly certain of these above cited specimens of B. micranthoides. The name B. angustifolia is rejected, however, because of the earlier homonym B. angustifolia Lam. 1 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII Bidens micranthoides: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.56; b, larger and more compound leaf, X0.56; c, exterior involucral bract, 1 A name referred by Lamarck himself (loc. cit.) and by A. H. Moore (Proc. Amer. Acad. 42: 528. 1907) to Spilanthes urens Jacq. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XV / b BIDENS CTENOPHYLLA Sherff c THE GENUS BIDENS 113 X5.57; d, interior involucral bract, X5.57; e, ray corolla, X2.79; /, palea, X5.57; g, disc floret, X5.57; h, achene, X5.57; all from type. 31. Bidens Asplenioides Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 101 and pi. 12, figs. a-f. 1920. PI. XIX, figs. a-f. Supra herbacea, infra verisimiliter suffruticosa, glabra, ramosa, caule subtetragona, 4 dm. alta. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 3-7 cm. longis, petiolo adjecta 6-16 cm. longa, submembranacea, pinnata vel ternata, foliolis lanceolatis vel anguste ovato-lanceolatis, crenatis, non ciliatis, terminali ad apicem longe acuminate et 6-8 cm. longo, lateralibus ad apicem acutis vel subobtusis et dimidio breviori- bus. Capitula multa, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 1.5-2 cm. lata et 6-8 mm. alta, pedunculata pedunculis tenuibus 1-6 cm. longis. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 5, lineari-spathulatae, demum reflexae, glabratae, circ. 2 mm. longae; interiores lanceolatae, dimidio longiores. Flores ligulati (mancos tantum vidi) flavi, circ. 8-10 mm. longi. Achaenia (manca vidi) linearia, exalata, supra glabrata vel sparsim setosa, apice nuda vel biaristata, corpore veri- similiter 5-7 mm. longa. Type specimen: Collected by JohnF. G. Stokes, at Kaali, Island of Niihau, Hawaiian Islands, January, 1912 (Bish.). Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Niihau, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: J. F. G. Stokes, Kaali, etc. (type, Bish.). The elongate, crenate terminal leaflets offer a curious superficial resemblance in outline to the leaves or leaflets of some species of Asplenium (A. pinnatifidum Nutt., etc.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX, FIGS, a-f Bidens Asplenioides: a, branch, past fruiting, X0.54; b, exterior involucral bract, X5.39; c, interior involucral bract, X5.39; d, ovary (of ray floret?), X5.39; e, f, fragments of mature achenes, X5.39; all from type. 32. Bidens pulchella (Less.) Schz. Bip. Flora 39: 362. 1856; cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 25 and pi. 2, figs. j-p. 1928. PL VI, figs. j-p. Adenolepis pulchella Less. Linnaea 6: 510 and pi. 6. 1831. Campylotheca pulchella (Less.) Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 211, 212. 1888. Coreopsis pulchella (Less.) Drake del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 210. 1890. 114 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Herba parva, annua, erecta, facie Heterospermi vel Chrysanthelli; caule acute angulato, subglabrato vel apice hispidiusculo-puberulo, infra simplici supra non valde ramoso, 1.2 dm. alto. Folia petiolata petiolis 2-6 mm. longis, petiolo adjecto tantum 1.5-2.2 cm. longa, membranacea, ciliata, faciebus fere glabra, primaria bipinnata, f oliolis lateralibus 2 jugis, segmentis Ipnge cuneatis obtusis saepe trilobatis. Capitula terminalia, parva, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 5 mm. lata et circ. 4 mm. alta, disco 5-10-floro. Involucrum cylindraceum, bracteis extus hirsutiusculis; exterioribus 4-6, linearibus, ciliatis, patentibus, apice obtusis vel abrupte subapiculatis et in sicco atris, 1.5-3 mm. longis; interioribus lineari-lanceolatis, quam exterioribus saltern dimidio longioribus. Flores ligulati circ. 4 vel 5, lutei, emargi- nati, ligula rotundo-elliptici, quam flores tubulosi paulo breviores. Achaenia lineari-oblonga, atra, dorso convexa, ventre plana, navicu- laeformia, superne subsubito inferne sensim angustata, exaristata, faciebus 3-costata, erecto-ciliata, dorso apicem versus ventre omnino erecto-setosa, circ. vel fere 3 mm. longa et 0.9 mm. lata. Type specimen: Collected by Adelbert Von Chamisso, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, 1816. 1 Distribution: Known only from type locality, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Von Chamisso, Oahu, 1816 (Berl.). Asa Gray (Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 128. 1861) suspected this species of being merely the awnless state of Bidens sandvicensis Less. An ex- amination of Lessing's type material of the two species shows them to be widely distinct. In fact, no other Hawaiian species combines the dwarf habit, delicate bipinnate foliage, minute, terminal, shortly pedunculate heads and small, exaristate achenes of B. pulchella. It is not improbable that this is one of the doubtless numerous species which have become extinct on the islands of the Hawaiian group during the past century, since the coming of civilization and the application of more intensive methods to the local agriculture and grazing. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI, FIGS, j-p Bidens pulchella: j, entire plant, X0.68; k, exterior involucral bract, X5.44; I, interior involucral bract, X5.44; m, ray corolla, X5.44; n, palea, X5.44; o, disc floret, X5.44; p, achene, X5.44; all from type. 1 No herbarium was cited for the type. A good specimen (the subject of my plate) is preserved, however, in Berlin and may safely be taken as a type of the species. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XVI BIDENS CTENOPHYLLA Sherff OF TRt UNIVERSITY OF 1UIMOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 115 33. Bidens uapensis (F. Brown) Sherff, comb. nov. Campylotheca uapensis F. Brown, Fl. S. E. Polynesia 3 (Bishop Mus. Bull. No. 130) : 358 and fig. 65. 1935. Fruticosa forsitan subarborescens, altitudine ignota, subglabra. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis interdum sparso-ciliatis basi con- natis 2-4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 6-10 cm. longa et 2-4 cm. lata, membranacea, cordata, apice acuminato-acuta, basi rotundata vel cordata, serrata (dentibus circ. 5 vel 6 per 1 cm.), subtus secundum rhachidis basim squarrose caespitoseque hispida. Capitula subsoli- taria pedunculis ramos terminantibus tenuibus 5 cm. longis folia non superantibus, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 2.5 cm. lata et circ. 6-7 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores 6-9, oblonge vel subrhom- boide lineari-lanceolatae, manifeste 3-nervatae, inferne saepe ciliatae aliter subglabrae, apice obtusae vel acutae, circ. 5-6 mm. longae; interiores paulo longiores, subsparsim minutissimeque pubescentes. Flores ligulati numerosiori (14 fide Brownii), flavi, ligula oblongo- oblanceolati, apice plus minusve denticulati, 1.3 cm. longi et circ. 3-4 mm. lati. Paleae lineares, 5-7 mm. longae. Achaenia (fide Brownii) oblonge linearia, exaristata, marginibus apiceque longo- ciliata, saltern 4-5 mm. longa et 0.5 mm. lata. Type specimen: Collected by E. H. Quayle, No. 1149, at altitude of 810 meters, Mt. Tekahoipu, Island of Uapou, Marquesas Islands, September 9, 1922 (Bish.). Distribution: Island of Uapou, Marquesas Islands. Specimens examined : E. H. Quayle 1066, alt. 1,500 meters, Uapou, September 7, 1922 (Bish.); idem 1149 (type, Bish.). 34. Bidens Populifolia Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 86: 438 and pi. 16. 1928. PL XX. Herba e radice (ut videtur) annua, usque ad 8 dm. alta, glabra; caule tetragono, subsimplici vel etiam valde ramoso, non robusto. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus nunc 1.5-6 cm. nunc 6-10 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 2 dm. longa, membranacea, palli- diora, vix ciliata, serrata dentibus rotundatis obtuseque calloso- apiculatis, plerumque indivisa, circumambitu ovato-cordata vel deltoideo-cordata, basi saepe tantum subcordata vel etiam truncata obliquave, apice nunc subobtusa nunc acuta vel rarius plus minusve subacuminata; rariter (et plus minusve irregulariter) pauca 2-3- partita, foliolo terminali late rhomboideo-lanceolato vel ovato- lanceolato vel rotundato, lateralibus obliquis et rhomboideo-ovatis. Capitula non numerosa, in inflorescentia corymbiformi disposita, 116 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI radiata, pedicellata pedicellis tenuibus usque ad 5 cm. longis, pansa ad anthesin circ. 3 cm. lata et 7-9 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae valde dissimiles, exteriores 5-7, patenti-reflexae, glabrae, nunc late oblongo-lineares nunc spathulato-obovatae apice obtusae vel rotun- datae, 1.5-3.5 mm. longae; interiores lanceolatae, apicem versus minute pubescentes, 5-6.5 mm. longae. Flores ligulati 6-8 (rariter tantum 5), flavidi, ligula oblongo-lineares vel oblanceolati, apice plerumque 3-dentati, 1.2-1.5 cm. longi. Achaenia anguste linearia, recta, exalata, subnigra, obcompressa, unica facie obsolete circ. 8-striata, margine sparsim erecteque ciliata, corpore 7-12 mm. longa et 0.8-1.1 mm. lata et paleas apice rufescentes paulo demum saepe excedentia, apice plerumque biaristata; aristis tenuibus, supra retror- sum infra antrorsum hamosis, usque ad 1 mm. longis. Type specimen : Collected by Otto Degener, Ross S. Bean, D. Le Roy Topping, and Anthony Apo, No. 2514, growing with Pandanus and stunted Metrosideros, grassy slope back of small Hawaiian church on east side of Kahana Valley, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, February 12, 1928 (Field, 4 sheets). Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: R. S. Bean, Oahu, April 12, 1931 (Field; Kew); idem 2322, sunny, rocky ridge, foot of left ridge of Kahana Valley, January 1, 1928 (Field; Kew); William Bush & D.L. Topping 26, alt. 540 meters, wet slope, Kahana Valley Slope, June 9, 1929 (Field; Gray; U.S.); Degener, Bean, Topping, & Apo 2514 (type, Field, 4 sheets: cotypes, Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V., etc.); Degener, Park, Bush, Nitta, & Westgate 4114, dry, grassy cliffs, about 3 miles up Kaipapau Valley, March 27, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Kew); Degener, Park, Iwasaki, & Yama- moto 4259, alt. 240 meters, among grasses and shrubs on lateral ridge, northern slope of Kahana Valley, November 6, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Calif.; Del.; Field; Goth.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; N.Y.; Par.; Phila.; U.S.; U.V.). This species is characterized by the very distinct Populus aspect of its foliage, the resemblance to the foliage of P. deltoides Marsh., for example, being at times very striking. Hillebrand (Fl. Haw. Isls. 215. 1888) appears not to have known this plant. Under Campy- lotheca macrocarpa he lists the (to B. Populifolia) faintly similar var. ovatifolia, transferred by him from varietal rank under Bidens sand- vicensis Less., where Asa Gray had originally placed it. He then gives a detailed description of mature plants, a description which could Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XVII BIDENS MACROCARPA (Gray) Sherff (figs, a-t) BIDENS MAGNIDISCA Dcg. & Sherff ex Sherff (figs, j-l) ' s THE GENUS BIDENS 117 not have come from the single, very immature type of the var. ovati- folia (U.S.). The true var. ovatifolia, recently placed (Bot. Gaz. 85: 7. 1928) under Bidens macrocarpa, has sharply serrate leaves, while B. Populifolia has round and obtuse teeth. It is clear from Hillebrand's text that, the synonym var. ovatifolia Gray being ex- cluded, his treatment applied to the herbaceous forms of Bidens asymmetrica (LeVl.) Sherff, found upon the Island of Oahu. In fact, we may note that one able student of the Hawaiian flora, Joseph Rock, had labeled a cotype specimen of B. asymmetrica (Faurie 960, Par.) with the equation: "Coreopsis macrocarpa Hbd. var. 0. Hbd. Lipochaeta asymmetrica LeVl. (teste) Rock" (the latter name being a synonym for Bidens asymmetrica). A consideration of these her- baceous forms of B. asymmetrica (" . . . Achenes . . . often spirally twisted . . . "), however, shows that they too have little in common with the species here under discussion. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX Bidens Populifolia: a, main portion of younger plant, flowering and fruiting, X0.55; 6, leaf from lower part of same, X0.55; c, exte- rior involucral bract, X3.32; d, interior involucral bract, X3.32; e, ligulate floret, Xl.66; /, palea, X3.32; g, disc floret, X3.32; h, i, achenes, X3.32; all from cotype material in Hb. Boiss. 35. Bidens Skottsbergii Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 91: 311. 1931. PL XXI. Flores ligulati 1.7-2 cm. longi et 6-8 mm. lati. B. Skottsbergii sensu stricto. Flores ligulati 1-1.4 cm. longi et 3-4.5 mm. lati. var. /3. conglutinata. Frutex glaberrimus, verisimiliter 1 m. altus, ramosus. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis circ. 1-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 8-13 cm. longa, pallidiora, forsitan semper membranacea, indivisa, oblongo-ovata, subgrosseserrata (unico latere saepius 12-18-serrata), apice subobtusa, basi late cuneata, principalia 3.5-5 cm. lata. Capi- tula pauca, laxe paniculata, pedunculata pedunculo subtenui usque ad 9 cm. longo, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 3-4 cm. lata et 9-12 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 8-10, glaberrimae, nunc late lineari-oblongae nunc oblongo-spathulatae, apice obtusae, demum saepe patentes, 4-6 mm. longae; interiores oblongo-lanceolatae paulo longiores, apice pubescentes. Flores ligulati circ. 8, flavi, ligula nunc oblongi nunc obovati, apice truncate 2-5-dentati et saepe subprofunde scissi, 1.7-2 cm. longi et 6-8 mm. lati. Achaenia nigra, plana, lineari-oblonga, utraque facie plus minusve 8-striata, 118 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI corpore glabro 8-10.5 mm. longa et circ. 1.35 mm. lata, lateribus marginata sed non vere alata, apice ipso biaristata (aliter glabra); aristis subvalidis, stramineis brunneisve, retrorsum multihamosis, 1.5-2 mm. longis. Type specimen : Collected by Carl Johan Fredrik Skottsberg, No. 2092, near Puna Road, south of Hilo, Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands, September 30, 1926 (Goth.). Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Yoshimasa Nitta (0. Degener distrib. No.) 4126, cult, for tea in Kapoho, from seed collected at Kamailii (near Kauleau), Puna, December 15, 1931 (Field); idem (0. Degener distrib. No.) 4127, on "aa" lava, near English public school, Kapoho, eodem tempore (Field) ; idem 4215, on "aa" lava, along railroad track 23 miles from Hilo toward Kapoho, eodem tempore (Field) ; Skotts- berg 2092 (type, Goth.); H. St. John, R. S. Bean, & E. Y. Hosaka 11239, plant 4 ft. tall, alt. 60 meters, in open woods, 1 mile north of Kaimu, December 21, 1931 (Bish.; Field). Stands next to Bidens Populifolia (of the Island of Oahu), from which it differs in its oblong-ovate, basally wide-cuneate leaf blades, and its broader and more oblong achenes, these lacking erect apical setae between the aristae and having the aristae more densely and regularly retrorse-hamose. Bidens Skottsbergii var. /3. conglutinata (Deg. & Sherff) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 92: 206. 1931. Bidens hawaiensis var. conglutinata Deg. & Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 89: 364. 1930; cf. Degener, Ferns Flow. PI. Hawaii Nat. Park 300 and pi. 89. 1930. A specie floribus ligulatis minoribus (tantum circ. 1-1.4 cm. longis et 3-4.5 mm. latis), foliis plerumque coriaceo-rugosis differt. Type specimen: Collected by Antone Borges, No. 3798, on dry lava flow of 1840, southeast of Pahoa, easternmost part of Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands, November 18, 1929 (Field, 2 sheets). Distribution : Known only from type locality on Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined : Borges 3798 (type, Field, 2 sheets: cotypes, Berl. ; Gray; Kew) ; Otto Degener & Yasuma Iwasaki 3819, being eaten by cattle, on arid, sunny "aa" lava of the 1788 flow, between Pahoa and Kalapana, February 7, 1930 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Calif.; Field, Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XVIII BIDENS MICRANTHOID'ES sherff THE GENUS BIDENS 119 2 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.); Otto Degener & Henry Wiebke 2165, west slope of Polulu Valley, August 11, 1926 (Field); William Hillebrand, Hawaii (Kew). Perhaps passing into the species proper. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI Bidens Skottsbergii: a, flowering and fruiting spray, X0.55; 6, exterior involucral bract, X3.29; c, interior involucral bract, X3.29; d, ray floret, X2.2; e, palea, X3.29; /, disc floret, X4.39; g, achene, X3.29; all from type. 36. Bidens obtusiloba Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 88: 289 and pi. 20. 1929. PL XXII. Frutex glaber, 6 dm. altus, ramosus; ramis quadrangulatis, internodiis inferioribus quam foliis plerumque multo brevioribus. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis usque ad 3.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 8 cm. longa, bipinnati- (plerumque biternati-) secta, segmentis primariis circumambitu oblongo-ovatis vel saepe deltoideis, membranaceis, obsolete ciliatis, 1.5-3.5 cm. longis et paulo angustiori- bus, lateralibus breviter petiolulatis, omnibus in lobos vel dentes obtusos atque apice minute cuspidatos rursus dissectis. Capitula non numerosa, plus minusve corymbosa, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1-1.5 cm. lata et 5-7 mm. alta, tenuiter pedicellata pedicellis usque ad 1.8 cm. longis. Involucri nunc glabri nunc basi pubescentis bracteae exteriores 4 vel 5, lineares, apice subacutae, circ. 2 mm. longae, quam interiores lanceolatae dimidio breviores. Flores ligulati circ. 4 vel 5, flavidi, 5 mm. longi, anguste obovati, apice 2- vel 3-dentati. Achaenia linearia, recta vel subrecta, atro-brunnea, valde obcompressa, unica facie circ. 8-striata, duabus faciebus non nisi summam versus setosa, marginibus erecto-setosa, apice exaristata sed erecto-hispida, corpore 6-7.5 mm. longa et circ. 1 mm. lata. Type specimen : Collected by D. Le Roy Topping, No. 2941, Niu Ridge, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, November 30, 1924 (Calif.). Distribution : Known only from type locality on Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Topping 2941 (type, Calif.); idem 3354a, a single specimen growing with many Bidens sandvicensis plants, dry, open ridge, Niu Ridge, March 2, 1930 (Field); Degener, Park, & Nitta 4162, a single plant growing with No. 4161 (B. sandvicensis), near base on western side of middle ridge of Niu Valley, June 4, 1932 (Field; Kew). 120 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Nearest apparently to Bidens pukhella (Less.) Schz. Bip., the type of which is a complete plant but only about 12 cm. tall, having the several principal leaves tripinnatisect with narrower segments than in B. obtusiloba and the achenes distinctly clavate and only about 3 mm. long. A study of B. obtusiloba in its juvenile stages is much to be desired. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII Bidens obtusiloba: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.69; 6, exterior involucral bract, X6.9; c, interior involucral bract, X6.9; d, ray floret, X6.9; e, palea, X6.9; /, disc floret, X6.9; g, achene, X6.9; all from type. 37. Bidens sandvicensis Less. Linnaea 6: 508. 1831; descript. amplific. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 161. 1923. PI. XXIII, figs. a-h. Bidens mutica Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, 7: 368. 1834. Campylotheca mutica (Nutt.) Walp. Repert. 2: 618. 1843. Campylotheca sandvicensis (Less.) Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 211, 214. 1888. Campylotheca macrocarpa var. 7. Hillebr. op. cit. 215. Coreopsis sandwicensis Benth. & Hook, ex Drake del Castillo, 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 210. 1890. Bidens sandvicensis var. typica Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 88: 296. 1929. a. Folia principalia plerumque bipinnatisecta vel (saepe ternatim) bipinnata var. a. typica f. 1. compositior. a. Folia principalia plerumque pinnata. 6. Achaenia faciebus omnino perspicue setosa, marginum setis longis et valde patentibus var. /3. setosa. b. Achaenia faciebus glabra vel apicem versus sparsissime erecto- setosa, marginibus moderate erecto-setosa, apice aristata vel (etiam primo) exaristata. c. Foliorum segmenta plerumque tantum 3-6 mm. lata. var. 7. imminuta. c. Foliorum segmenta plerumque 6-15 mm. lata. B. sandvicensis sensu stricto. Caulis herbaceus, erectus, quadrangulatus, sulcato-striatus, glaber. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis usque ad 4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 3-12 cm. longa, pinnatim 3-5-partita; foliolis ovatis vel saepius ovato-lanceolatis, acuminatis, serratis, glabris, membranaceis, subtus pallidioribus, lateralibus plerumque manifeste petiolulatis 1-4 THE GENUS BIDENS 121 cm. longis et 5-12 mm. latis (inferioribus rarissime rursus 3-5-par- titis), terminal! longiore. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin 11-14 mm. lata et 4-6 mm. alta, in paniculis corymboideis trichotomis sub- fastigiatis disposita, ramis rigidis folia sua longe excedentibus. Involucri bracteae exteriores 4-6, lineares, glabratae, obtuse acriterve calloso-apiculatae, 2-5 mm. longae, interiores lanceolatae longiores. Flores ligulati circ. 5, lutei, ligula moderate vel late elliptico-oblongi, apice denticulati, 6-8 mm. longi. Achaenia linearia, obcompressa, exalata, parce curvata, non perspicue attenuata, atra, faciebus glabra vel apicem versus sparsissime erecto-setosa et circ. 4-sulcata, mar- ginibus erecto-setosa, corpore 6-9 mm. longa et 0.5-0.8 mm. lata, apice nunc biaristata aristis retrorsum et solum apice hamosis circ. 1 mm. longis, nunc subaristata vel etiam exaristata sed setis erectis coronata. Type specimen: Collected by Adelbert Von Chamisso, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, in 1816 (Berl.). Distribution: Islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii, Hawai- ian Islands. Specimens examined: Otto Degener 2095, dry, sunny slope, Mt. Tantalus, Honolulu, Oahu, December 2, 1922 (Field, 2 sheets); idem 2672, wind-swept, exposed ridge, northeast slope of Nuuanu Pali, Oahu, February 6, 1928 (Berl.; Brit.; Field, 2 sheets; N.Y.); idem 2673, moist, shrubby slope, Upper Pauoa Flats, Oahu, February 25, 1928 (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Kew; N.Y.; forma); idem 2677a, sunny slopes from Woodlawn along east rim of Manoa Valley toward Mt. Olympus, Oahu, February 28, 1928 (Field, 2 sheets; N.Y.); idem & Kazuto Nitta 3410, alt. 450 meters, moderately dry slope, east rim of Manoa Valley (1 mile mauka of University), Oahu, January 13, 1929 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field, 2 sheets; Kew; Mun.; N.Y.); iidem 3411, open slope, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Boiss.; Field, 2 sheets; Kew; Mun.; N.Y.; U.S.); iidem 3412, very much wind-swept, sparingly wooded slope, rim of Manoa Valley (1.5 mile mauka of University), January 13, 1929 (Berl.; Field; Kew; N.Y.); Otto Degener & K. K. Park 4085, alt. 330 meters, dry, exposed, grassy slope on elevation on Wilhelmina Rise Ridge, Oahu, November 11, 1931 (Field; Gray); iidem 4087, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Kew; U.S.); iidem 4088, dry, shady, grassy slope, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Mo.); iidem 4089, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Brit.; Calif.; Field, pro parte, aliter var. typica f. compositior; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Par.; U.S.); iidem & Y. Nitta 4161, open forest on western side of middle ridge of Niu 122 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Valley, Oahu, June 4, 1932 (Berl.; Calif.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; U.V.); Degener, Hamilton Rodrigues, & Noel Krauss 3530, very wet, wooded slope, cliffs below and east of Nuuanu Pali, Oahu, January 20, 1929 (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Kew; N.Y.); Degener, Takamoto, & Martinez 10536, rare, on grass- and weed-covered slope, talus southwest of Waimanalo Landing, Oahu, April 10, 1936 (Field) ; Degener, Topping, & Shigeura 10067, open, wooded slope, Manoa Cliff Trail, Oahu, November 20, 1935 (Field) ; Degener & Henry Wiebke 2601, exposed slope northeast of Nuuanu Valley, Oahu, November 20, 1926 (Field; N.Y.); iidem 2671, on way from Manoa Valley up to Mt. Olympus, Oahu, January 9, 1927 (Field; N.Y.); F. R. Fosberg 9288, alt. 440 meters, dry forest, Manoa-Palolo Ridge, Oahu, March 19, 1933 (Field); idem 9298, alt. 340 meters, dry slope, ridge above Woodlawn, Manoa, Oahu, March 19, 1933 (Field) ; idem 10743, suffru- tescent herb, 0.5 meters tall, alt. 400 meters, steep open slope, lower slopes of Puu Konahuanui above Nuuanu Pali Road, Kailua, Oahu, January 5, 1935 (Field) ; idem 10736, suffrutescent herb 1 meter tall, alt. 400 meters, lower slopes of Puu Konahuanui above Nuuanu Pali Road, Kailua, Oahu, January 5, 1935 (Field) ; Gaudichaud, Hawaiian Isls. (Berl., 2 sheets); idem (Voy. la Bonite), eodem loco, October, 1836 (Del., 2 sheets); idem (Voy. la Bonite) 220 pro parte et 221 pro parte, eodem loco, September-October, 1836 (Par.); A. A. Heller 2894, Nuuanu Pali, Oahu, October 29, 1895 (Calif.; Field; Mo.; N.Y.; U.S.); William Hillebrand, Oahu (Berl., 2 sheets; Brit.; Kew) ; l idem 42, Maui (Kew) ; idem (similiter) 42, Kokolau, Hawaii (Kew) ; Kastalsky, Oahu (Oxf.) ; (Mann & Brigham 428, once referred to B. sandvicensis, is B. conjuncta;) iidem 541, alt. 600-900 meters, Waimea, Kauai (Bish.; Boiss.; Brit.; Corn.; Mo.); Thomas Nuttall, in fields, Oahu (type of Bidens mutica Nutt.; Brit.); K. K. Park & D. L. Topping (Degener distrib. No.) 10074, grassy slope, Kuliouou Valley, Oahu, June 23, 1935 (Field); J. Remy279, Oahu, 1851-1855 (Par.); idem 283, Oahu, 1851-1855 (Gray, 2 sheets; Par.); Seemann 2268, Oahu, 1850 (Kew) ; Harold St. John 12983, herbs 2-3 ft. tall, alt. 360 meters, lower woods, Manoa-Palolo Ridge, Oahu, March 26, 1933 (Bish.; Field); idem&F. R. Fosberg 13454 et 13459, bush 2 ft. tall, alt. 330 meters, dry, open ridge, Hoary Head Range, Laaukahi, 1 The sheet at British Museum of Natural History was labeled "Campylotheca macrocarpa Gray y. var. Hab. Niu, Makaleha, Oahu." It is clearly an original specimen of Hillebrand's var. y. (Fl. Haw. Isls. 215. 1888). Unfortunately the upper half of the sheet had been cut away and was missing, so that a specimen only from Niu or only from Makaleha was seen by me. In Berlin, the Niu sheet is labeled C. macrocarpa var. y., while the Makaleha sheet, though bearing identical material, is labeled C. macrocarpa. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI. Plate XIX BIDENS ASPLENIOIDES Sherff (figs, a /) BIDENS STOKESII Sherff (figs, g-o) THE GENUS BIDENS 123 Koloa, Kauai, December 22, 1933 (Field); iidem 13465, alt. 270 meters, eodem loco et tempore (Bish.; Field); Swezey (Degener distrib. No.) 4205, barren ridge, Milolii, Kauai, July 2, 1932 (Berl.; Field; Gray; Kew; B. micranthae var. caducae adpropinquans) ; idem (Degener distrib. No.) 4206 pro parte, Kokee region, Kauai, July, 1932 (Field; Kew; forma var. imminutae adpropinquans); D. L. Topping 3354 p.p., growing 0.5-3 ft. high, alt. 300-600 meters, dry, open ridge, Niu Ridge, Oahu, March 2, 1930 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field, 3 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Par.; U.S.; pro parte forma compositior Deg. & Sherff, q.v.) ; idem 3763, shrubby hillside, Kuli- ouou, Oahu, August 5, 1934 (Field). For many years (cf. Sherff, loc. cit.) writers have confused various other Hawaiian species of Bidens with B. sandvicensis Less. Space permits only the more important of such errors to be noticed here. In 1836, DeCandolle (Prodr. 5: 598) equated B. sandvicensis Less. withB. peduncularis Gaud. In 1856, Miquel (Fl. Ned. 2: 78) likewise equated these two species. In the Berlin Herbarium are certain Sandwich (Hawaiian) Island specimens sent by Gaudichaud as B. peduncularis, and these specimens are close to B. sandvicensis, but the original description of B. peduncularis was published by Gaudichaud from material collected at Rawak of the far distant Molucca Islands, and which in no way could be mistaken for B. sandvicensis. 1 In 1861, Gray (Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 127-128) gave an extended discussion of B. sandvicensis, referring to it B. mutica Nutt., B. gracilis Nutt., B. pulchella (Less.) Schz. Bip. (Adenolepis pul- chella Less.), etc. The type of B. mutica (Brit.) matches Lessing's type of B. sandvicensis (Berl.) very well. 2 B. gracilis, however, is an entirely different species (cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 105. 1920). B. 1 The Paris specimen (Par.) of Gaudichaud's is a mere fragment, but is probably from his type material. It matches his description perfectly. It is trueB. biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff. So also is the authentic fragment of Gaudichaud's plant found in the Prodromus Herbarium (Del.). Singularly, Miquel (loc. cit.) equated B. peduncularis with B. biternata (B. chinensis), an equation erroneously rejected fcy O. E. Schulz (Bot. Jahrb. 50, Suppl.: 179. 1914). Gaudichaud's Paris specimen is labeled as coming from the Sandwich Islands (voyage of the corvette Uranie, one of the two vessels used by Freycinet), butB. biternata is not known to occur in that part of the world, and the specimen may well have come from Rawak as stated by him when he published the original description. The fragment in the Prodromus Herbarium is indeed labeled as coming from Rawak. 2 The type of B. mutica is very distinct from Bidens macrocarpa (Coreopsis macrocarpa Gray), to which B. mutica was wrongly referred by Hillebrand (Fl. Haw. Isls. 214. 1888) and by Drake del Castillo (111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 209. 1890). We may note also that Hillebrand's var. 7. of Campylotheca macrocarpa Gray was, likewise, not Bidens macrocarpa at all but, as seen from authentic specimens in Berlin (Berl.) and London (Brit.), purely B. sandvicensis Less. 124 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI pukhella is represented by a single small type specimen in Berlin, and is so different in technical characters that by no stretch of the imagination could it be equated with B. sandvicensis. Gray (loc. cit.) suspected B. angustifolia Nutt. of belonging to B. sandvicensis, and Drake del Castillo (loc. cit.), evidently with Gray's treatment at hand, definitely equated the two species. A study of Nuttall's type (Brit.) shows a plant with more dissected foliage and more slender- awned achenes (B. micranthoides Sherff). Depauperate specimens approach B. graciloides. Bidens sandvicensis var. a. typica f. 1. compositior Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 88: 296. 1929. A var. typica foliis principalibus bipinnatisectis vel (saepe ter- natim) bipinnatis differt. Achaenia biaristata aristis usque ad 1 mm. longis vel demum (vel etiam primum) calvis. Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener and Kazuto Nitta, No. 3411a, on moderately dry, open slope at altitude of 450 meters, east rim of Manoa Valley, one mile mauka of the University, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, January 13, 1929 (Field). Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Degener & Nitta 341 la (type, Field); iidem 3412a, much wind-swept, sparingly wooded slope, alt. 600 meters, east rim of Manoa Valley, 1.5 mile mauka of the University, January 13, 1929 (Field) ; Degener & Park 4086, on dry, sunny, windy, grassy slope, alt. 330 meters, elevation on Wilhelmina Rise Ridge, November 11, 1931 (Field; Gray); iidem 4090, eodem loco et tempore (Field; Gray); cf. etiam Topping 3354 sub specie ipsa (speciminibus pro parte parva hoc aequantibus). The appearance of an entire plant is rendered strikingly unique by the increased dissection of the leaves. In the case of each number cited, however, the plant had been found growing near plants of the variety typica. In the case of No. 3412a, furthermore, a small shoot attached to one of the branches bears ordinary pinnate leaves such as characterize var. typica proper. Bidens sandvicensis var. /S. setosa Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 6. 1928. PI. XXXIII, figs. a-l. Bidens setosa Sherff, op. cit. 70: 103. 1920. A specie differt achaeniorum faciebus omnino perspicue setosa, marginum setis longioribus et patentioribus. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XX h A BIDENS POPULIFOLIA Sheril OF Ttft OF ILLINOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 125 Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes, No. S11K, in Waimea Drainage Basin, west side, Island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands, July 3-August 18, 1917 (Bish., 2 sheets). Distribution: Islands of Kauai and Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Urbain Faurie 961, Holokele, Hawaii, March, 1910 (Brit.; Del.); Forbes 8UK (2 type sheets, Bish.: cotype, Field). The type material of B. setosa, from the Island of Kauai, was a slightly monstrous or pathological form, as to vegetative parts, and did not match any known species. The singularly hairy achenes were unique and were relied upon as indicating a distinct species. More recently, however, I found in the Delessert Herbarium a speci- men from another collection, Faurie 961, from the somewhat remote Island of Hawaii. This lacked all traces of any pathological condi- tion. Its floral and achenial characters matched those of the type precisely, but the foliage and growth habit were those of normal B. sandvicensis Less. 1 I concluded, therefore, that a varietal rank under B. sandvicensis was more nearly expressive of the true status of the setosa forms. Bidens sandvicensis var. 7. imminuta Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 93: 217. 1932. Planta 1 m. alta, multo ramosa ramis gracillimis. Folia pin- natim 5-partita, foliolis infimis terminalibusque saepe 3-partitis, foliolis indivisis vel foliolorum divisorum segmentis plerumque lineari-lanceolatis saepius tantum 3-6 mm. latis et tantum 1-2.5 cm. longis. Achaenia marginaliter basim versus atque apicem versus moderate erecto-setosa, saepe 1-2-aristata aristis retrorsum hamosis usque ad 1 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener, K. K. Park, & M. Kwon, No. 4092, at altitude of 300 meters, on grassy, shrubby plateau, narrow middle Waialae Ridge, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, November 14, 1931 (Field, 2 sheets). Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined : Degener, Park, & Kwon 4092 (2 type sheets, Field: cotypes, Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Par.; U.S.). A single large plant observed in the field by the collectors yielded upwards of a dozen sheets of herbarium specimens. The general 1 The achenes were mostly exaristate or shortly aristate. The duplicate in the British Museum of Natural History, however, had the achenes mostly very dis- tinctly biaristate with aristae retrorsely barbed and about 1 mm. long. 126 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI aspect of a flowering branch is suggestive of Bidens micranthoides, a species which grows only about 2-5 dm. high. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII, FIGS. 0,-h Bidens sandvicensis: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.6; 6, exterior involucral bract, X3.6; c, interior involucral bract, X3.6; d, ray corolla, X3.6; e, palea, X3.6;/, disc floret, X3.6; g (aristate), h (exaristate), achenes, X3.6; all from type. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIII, FIGS, d-l Bidens sandvicensis var. setosa: a, b, c, various cauline leaves, X0.58; d, portion of inflorescence, X0.58; e, exterior involucral bract, X5.78; /, interior involucral bract, X5.78; g, ray corolla, X5.78; h, palea, X5.78; i, disc floret, X5.78; j-l, achenes, X5.78; all from 1st type sheet. 38. Bidens conjuncta Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 162. 1923. PL XXIV, figs. a-h. Caulis ramique herbacei, perspicue quadrangulati, sulcato-striati, glabri, 5-8 (vel etiam usque ad 15) dm. alti. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis plerumque 2-4.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 5-14 cm. longa, ternatim vel pinnatim 3-5-partita, foliolis glabris, subtus pallidiori- bus, acriter serratis dentibus perspicue apiculatis, ovato-lanceolatis, acuminatis, lateralibus non (nisi interdum inferioribus) petiolulatis sed sessilibus itaque plerumque conjunctis, quam terminali brevi- oribus. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.2-2 cm. lata et 6-8 mm. alta, in paniculis corymboideis trichotomis disposita, ramis rigidis folia sua longe excedentibus. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 5, lineares, acutae obtusaeve, patentes vel reflexae, glabrae vel hispidae, 2-5 vel saepe etiam usque ad 7 mm. longae, interioribus lanceolatis plerumque longiores. Flores ligulati circ. 5, lutei, ligula elliptico-oblanceolati, apice denticulati, 6-10 mm. longi. Achaenia linearia, obcompressa, exalata, plus minusve curvata, parce atten- uata, nigrescentia, faciebus glabra et circ. 4-sulcata, marginibus glabra vel rarius sparsim erecto-setosa, corpore 10-16.5 mm. longa et circ. 1 mm. lata, nunc ad vel infra apicem aristata aristis crassis vel tenuibus saepe apicem versus retrorsum hamosis usque ad circ. 3 mm. longis, nunc subaristata vel etiam exaristata sed saepe setis erectis brevibus paucis coronata. Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes, No. 468M, Honokahau Drainage Basin, Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands, September 25-October 17, 1917 (Bish., 2 sheets). Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXI Of of THE GENUS BIDENS 127 Distribution: Islands of Oahu and Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Otto Degener & Henry Wiebke 2164, in damp scrub near timber line, Mt. Eke, Maui, August 30, 1927 (Berl.; Field, 3 sheets; Kew; Par.); iidem 2178, in exposed bog and light woods, near summit, Mt. Eke, August 29, 1927 (Field, 5 sheets) ; C. N. Forbes 468M (type, Bish., 2 sheets); H. Mann & W. T. Brigham 428, ridge east of Nuuanu, Oahu (Bish., 2 sheets). This species, obtained by the late C. N. Forbes (cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 98. 1920), might easily be confused with Bidens sandvicensis Less., the general habit of the two being very similar. In fact, as remarked in a former paper (Bot. Gaz. 85: 26. 1928), B. conjuncta may perhaps prove to be only a variety of B. sandvicensis. B. con- juncta, however, appears to be fairly distinct in its usually larger leaves with commonly sessile lateral leaflets, its larger and more conspicuous external involucral bracts, its longer ray flowers, and its larger achenes. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV, FIGS, a-h Bidens conjuncta: a, cauline leaf, X0.41; b, exterior involucral bract, X6; c, interior involucral bract, X6; d, ray corolla, X3.6; e, palea, X3.6; /, disc floret, X9; g, h, achenes, X3.6; all from 1st type specimen. 39. Bidens Wiebkei Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 86: 435 and pi 14. 1928. PI. XXV. Erecta, glabra, infra demum fruticosa supra herbacea, usque ad circ. 1 m. alta, ramis acriter tetragonis et siccis plus minusve pur- purascentibus. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus plerumque 2-4.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 1.3 dm. longa, 3- vel 5-partita, foliolis membranaceis, lanceolatis, acriter serratis, imis 5-partitorum saepe breviter petiolulatis, terminali moderate acuminato. Capitula numerosa in inflorescentia corymboidea, tenuiter pedicellata pedi- cellis fere glabris, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1-2 cm. lata et circ. 4.5-6 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores 4-6, patentes vel suberectae, lineares, apice subobtusae, tergo saepe hispidulae, 2-3 mm. longae; interiores lanceolatae, plerumque 3^1.5 mm. longae. Flores ligulati 4-6, flavidi, ligula oblongi vel late elliptico-oblanceo- lati, apice circ. 3-denticulati, 5-9 mm. longi. Achaenia demum nigra, valde obcompressa, curvata vel saepius etiam per 1-2.5 con- volutiones torta, marginata vel alata marginibus glabris vel sparsis- sime erecto-setosis nunc multo infra nunc ad corporis apicem in 1 vel 2 filiformes remote retrorsumque hamosas usque ad 1.5 mm. 128 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI longas aristas productis vel saepius non productis, corpore faciebus glabro vel sparsim erecto-setoso, nitido, 6-8 mm. longo et 0.9-1.2 mm. lato. Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener and Henry Wiebke, No. 3005, in scrub vegetation, upper part of Halawaiki Gulch, Island of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands, June 21, 1928 (Field, 3 sheets). Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Degener & Wiebke 3005 (type, Field, 3 sheets: cotypes, Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Mun.; Mus. V.; N.Y.). Allied to Bidens sandvicensis Less., a species unknown in its typical state except from the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii. The species was named for Mr. Henry Wiebke, who, as a student under Mr. Otto Degener, aided in collecting native Hawaiian plants for taxonomic study. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV Bidens Wiebkei: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.57; 6, exterior involucral bract, X3.43; c, interior involucral bract, X3.43; d, ray floret, X2.86; e, palea, X3.43;/, disc floret, X5.71; g, h, achenes, X3.43; all from cotype in Hb. Mus. V. 40. Bidens f ecunda Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 93 : 217. 1932. Bidens ferax Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff, op. cit. 94: 590. 1933. Fruticosa, erecta, glabra, 1 m. alta, ramis tetragonis. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1-6 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 6-15 cm. longa, pinnata; majora 5-partita, foliolis lanceolatis vel ovato- lanceolatis, acriter serratis vel paucis undulato-integris, apice acutis vel acuminatis, membranaceis, inferioribus tenuiter petiolulatis; minora saepius 3-partita foliolis non dissimilibus nisi lateralibus saepe sessilibus. Capitula plerumque numerosissima, plus minusve paniculato-corymbosa, tenuiter pedicellata pedicellis glabratis, pansa ad anthesin 1.5-2 cm. lata et circ. 6-7 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 5 vel 6, tenuiter lineari-oblongae, sparsim hispidae et ciliatae, apice obtusae, circ. 2.5-3 mm. longae, quam interiores anguste oblongae apicaliter pubescentes dimidio breviores. Flores ligulati 4-6, flavi, ligula elliptico-oblongi vel oblanceolato-obovati, apice denticulati vel raro inciso-lobulati, 1-1.3 cm. longi. Paleae lineares, superne saepius attenuatae ac demum coloratae, usque ad 9 mm. longae, achaeniis maturis multo superatae. Achaenia pauca (plerumque 8-12), parce patentia, tenuissime oblongo-linearia, valde obcompressa vel interdum tetragona, nigra, faciebus 4-sulcatis Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXII BIDENS OBTUSILOBA Sherff OF THt QF ILLINOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 129 (4 faciebus 2-sulcatis) glabra, marginibus glabra vel sparsim erecto- setosa, corpore longiora demum 1-1.3 cm. longa et circ. 0.5-0.7 mm. lata, sub apice (rarius ad apicem) plus minusve erecto-setosa saepe 1-2 (raro 3) -aristata aristis acriter retrorsumque hamosis usque ad 1 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener, Kwan Kee Park, and William Bush, No. 4098, on cliffs and less often on grassy and shrubby slopes, deep, precipitous gully on north central side of Kahanahaiki Valley, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, November 28, 1931 (Field, 4 sheets). Distribution: Extreme western part of Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Otto Degener, Keaau Valley, February 7, 1932 (Berl.; Field, 2 sheets; Goth.; Gray; Kew); idem & Park 4095, near dry, partly shaded stream bed, first large side valley on south of Makua Valley, September 7, 1931 (Berl.; Field; Kew); iidem & William Bush 4096, on dry cliffs and less often on grassy slopes, narrow northeast gully in Ohikilolo Valley, November 29, 1931 (Berl.; Field; Gray; Mo.); iidem 4098 (type, Field, 4 sheets: cotypes, Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Calif.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; N.Y.; Par. ; U.S. ; U.V.) ; iidem 4105, rare on moderately dry, grassy slope, south crest of prominent side gully on southeast side of Keawaula Valley and directly north of Kahanahaiki Valley, November 28, 1931 (Field ; Gray) ; Degener, Park, & Kwon 4108, dry, grassy ledges and slopes, southern slope of Kahanahaiki Valley, November 1, 1931 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Calif.; Field, 2 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; N.Y.; Par.); Degener, Park, Nitta, & Westgate 4117, dry, grassy slope one-fourth mile from shore on south side of Keaau Valley, March 23, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Field, 2 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mun.; type collection of B. ferax Deg. & Sherff). Of the specimens cited here for B. fecunda, we may note Degener et al. 4105 in particular. It was found growing within 20 feet of B. torta and also of several plants (4102, Field: 4103, Brit.; Field: 4104, Field; Gray) which were clearly hybrids between the two species. These hybrids resemble B. torta in having the achenes spirally more or less twisted, although the twisting is much less regular than in B. torta. In other respects the resemblance to B. fecunda is much stronger. 41. Bidens coartata Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 86:436. 1928. PI. XXVI. Perennis, infra fruticosa, 5 dm. alta, ramosa, caule ramisque tetragonis, glabris. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus usque ad 6 cm. 130 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 1.5 dm. longa, pinnatim 3 (-5)- partita, foliolis ovatis vel lanceolatis, membranaceis, acriter dentibus calloso-apiculatis serratis, glabris atque eciliatis, imis saepe ad marginem inferiorem plus minusve irregulariter divisis, terminali apice breviter acuminate. Capitula subnumerosa et saepe in inflo- rescentia densa subcorymboideaque coartata, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 1.5 cm. lata et 6-8 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae glabrae vel glabratae, exteriores circ. 5-7, lineares, apice subobtusae, circ. 3 mm. longae; interiores lanceolatae paulo longiores. Flores ligulati plerumque 5, flavidi, ligula late oblanceolato-elliptici, apice subintegri, circ. 7-10 mm. longi. Achaenia anguste linearia, nigra, exalata, plana, recta vel moderate torta, faciebus glabrata et levi- ter paucistriata, marginibus sparsim suberecto-hispida, apice aegre spinulosa sed exaristata, corpore 7-10 mm. longa et 0.6-1 mm. lata, demum quam paleae manifeste longiora vel saepius breviora. Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener, No. 26776, on sunny slopes from Woodlawn along east rim of Manoa Valley toward Mt. Olympus, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, February 28, 1928 (Field, 2 sheets). Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Degener 2676, two-thirds the way up to Mt. Olympus by way of Pauoa Flats, February 25, 1928 (Brit.; Field; N.Y.); idem 26776 (2 type sheets, Field: cotypes, Berl.; Brit.; N.Y.); idem, Hamilton Rodrigues, & Noel Krauss 3529, alt. 600 meters, sunny, shrub-covered embankment, east ridge of Manoa Valley, February 3, 1929 (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Kew; N.Y.); A. A. Heller 1988 p.p., in Nuuanu, March 23, 1895 (Calif.; Field; U.S.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVI Bidens coartata: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.61; 6, exterior involucral bract, X6.08; c, interior involucral bract, X6.08; d, ray corolla, X6.08; e, f, paleae, X3.04; g, disc floret, X6.08; h, i, achenes, X3.65; all from Degener, Rodrigues, and Krauss 3529, in Hb. Field. 42. Bidens Salicoides Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 86: 437 and pi. 15. 1928. PI. XXVII. Fruticosa, erecta, glabra, ramosa, 6 dm. alta, caule ramisque plus minusve tetragonis. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus usque ad 5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad circ. 1.5 dm. longa, prin- cipalia pinnatim sed saepe irregulariter 2-5-partita, foliolis moderate Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXIII BIDENS SANDVICENSIS Less. (figs, a-h) BIDENS WAI MEAN A Sherff (figs, i-o) OF THt flf liMN&!S THE GENUS BIDENS 131 vel late linearibus ac circumambitu foliis nonnullorum specierum Salicis nonnihil similibus, integris vel interdum paucidentatis, marginibus saepe parce revolutis, membranaceis, terminal! usque ad 8 cm. longo et 12 mm. lato, lateralibus plerumque minoribus et sessilibus vel imis subpetiolulatis; summa nunc indivisa, mine ternata. Capitula subcorymboidea, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.5 cm. lata et circ. 6-8 mm. alta, graciliter pedicellata pedicellis 1-4 cm. longis. Involucrum glabratum, bracteis exterioribus circ. 6-7, anguste linearibus, apice calloso subacutis, costa mediana atris, circ. 3-4 mm. longis, quam interioribus lanceolato-ovatis paulo brevioribus. Flores ligulati 3 vel 4, forsitan interdum 5, flavidi, lineari-elliptici, apice obsolete denticulati, 1.2-1.4 cm. longi. Achae- nia linearia, plana, plumbeo-atra, exalata, recta vel moderate torta, plerumque glabra, faciebus obscure sulcata (pro toto corpore circ. 16 sulcis), corpore 7-10 mm. longa, apice ipso nunc 1- vel 2-aristata aristis nudis usque ad 1 mm. longis, nunc calvis. Type specimen: Collected by Henry Wiebke, No. 3084, arid region, East Ohia, Island of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands, July 17, 1928 (Field, 3 sheets). Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Wiebke 3084 (3 type sheets, Field: cotypes, Berl.;N.Y.). The five specimens studied had come from a single plant, the only one found. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVII Bidens Salicoides: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.56; 6, exterior involucral bract, X3.38; c, interior involucral bract, X3.38; d, ray floret, X2.82; e, palea, X3.38;/, disc floret, X5.63; g (exterior), h (interior), achenes, X3.38; a, from cotype in Hb. Berl.; rest from 1st type sheet. 43. Bidens Forbesii Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 103 and pi. 14- 1920. PI. XXVIII. Herbacea supra, infra fruticosa, caule ramisque tetragona, glabra, usque ad 4.5 m. alta. Folia inferiora magna, tripartita, petiolata petiolis tenuibus 6-8 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 1-2.5 dm. longa et 5-15 cm. lata, foliolis lanceolatis, longe acuminatis, membranaceis, creberrime serratis dentibus acribus et longe mucronulato-inflexis, 1-1.4 dm. longis et 3.5-5 cm. latis; folia superiora minora, 7-10 cm. longa et 4-5 cm. lata. Capitula parva, supra folia exserta, sub- 132 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI corymbosa, pansa ad anthesin 4-5 mm. alta et circ. 1.5 cm. lata. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3-6, anguste lineares, ad apicem acutae, glanduloso-pulverulentae vel fere glabratae, patentes vel reflexae, 1.5-2.5 mm. longae, interiores paulo vel multo longiores. Flores ligulati circ. 5, flavidi, ligula anguste oblongo-obovati, apice valde acriterque 2-dentati, 6-8 mm. longi. Achaenia pro capitulo pauca (10-14), angustissime elongato-linearia, superne attenuata, obcom- pressa, nigra, faciebus glabris et manifeste 2-sulcata vel obscure 4-sulculata, marginibus sparsim antrorsumque setosa, corpore 1-1.6 cm. longa et sub 0.7 mm. lata, apice setosa et saepius minuto- biaristata aristis saepe patentibus reflexisve nunc subrectis nunc hamiformibus glabris, vel retrorsum 1-2-hamosis. Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes, No. S2K, Waioli Valley, Island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands, July 23, 1909 (Bish., 2 sheets). Distribution: Known only from northern part of Island of Kauai (Waioli to Wainiha), Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined : UrbainFaurie 993, Wainiha, January, 1910 (Brit.); Forbes 82 K (type, Bish., 2 sheets); Harold St. John et alii 10947, alt. 180-450 meters, stream bank, Power Line Trail, Hanalei- Kalihi Kai Ridge, January 1, 1931 (Bish.); St. John & Fosberg 13965, shrub 4.5 meters tall, stem 1.9 cm. thick at base, on moist rocks near base of waterfall, alt. 330 meters, side gulch on west side, 0.75 mile upstream from intake, Wainiha Valley, Wainiha, January 1, 1934 (Bish.; Field); iidem 13975, plant 8 ft. tall, alt. 300 meters, in moist bottom of woods, same locality and date (Field). EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIII Bidens Forbesii: a, flowering specimen, X0.54; 6, leaf from sterile branch, X0.54; c, exterior involucral bract, X5.37; d, interior involu- cral bract, X5.37; e, ray corolla, X5.37; /, palea, X5.37; g, disc floret, X5.37; h, very young achene, X5.37; i, mature achene (found detached on, but glued to sheet), X5.37; a, c-i, from 1st type sheet; &, from 2nd type sheet. 44. Bidens torta Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 105. 1920. PI. XIII, figs. a-g. Fruticosa, glabra, caule non crassa, 0.5-2.1 m. alta. Folia tener- rime petiolata petiolis 1-4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 7-16 cm. longa et 2.5-10 cm. lata, tripartite, membranacea, serrata, ciliata, foliolis acuminatis, terminali multo majore, oblongo-lanceolato, lateralibus sessilibus vel breviter petiolulatis, ovato-lanceolatis. Capitula Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXIV BIDENS CONJUNCTA Sherff (figs, a-h) B1DENS FULVESCENS Sherff (figs, i-o) OF THt DIVERSITY OF (MINIS THE GENUS BIDENS 133 numerosa, laxe paniculata, mediocria, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 1.7 mm. lata et 5 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 5, tenuiter lineares, glanduloso-pubescentes, 1.5-2.5 mm. longae, interioribus paulo breviores. Flores ligulati circ. 5, ligula oblongo- oblanceolati, flavi, ad apicem plus minusve denticulati, circ. 7 mm. longi. Achaenia tenuiter linearia, nigra, maxime torta, glabra, corpore 9-13 mm. longa, ad apicem calva vel obscure 1-2-aristata aristis glabris brevissimis (0.1-0.3 mm. longis). Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes, No. 20920, at Kawailoa, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, March 2-5, 1915 (Bish.). Distribution: Known only from Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: E. H. Bryan, Jr., 793, erect shrub, 3 meters tall, alt. 540 meters, in small clump of remnant native forest at head of Manini Gulch, Waianae Mts., September 25, 1934 (Bish.; Field); idem 827, erect shrub 2-3 meters tall, alt. 2,000 ft., on ridge at edge of rain forest, Kukuiala Valley, October 9, 1934 (Field); Otto Degener 4190, becoming 6 ft. high, in woods on summit ridge, 400 ft. west of top of Piko Trail, Makua Valley, July 18, 1932 (Berl.; Calif.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Par.; U.V.); idem & K. K. Park 4094, on grassy, shrubby slopes and cliffs, first large side valley on south of Makua Valley, September 7, 1931 (Field, 2 sheets; Gray; Mo.); iidem & William Bush 4097, among grass and bushes and on ledges, not in cracks of cliff, narrow northeast gully in Ohikilolo Valley, November 29, 1931 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Calif.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.; U.V.); iidem 4101, on moderately dry, grassy slopes, prominent side gully on southeast side of Keawaula Valley and directly north of Kahanahaiki Valley, November 28, 1931 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.; U.V.); iidem & Colin Potter 10046 pro parte, grassy, shrubby slope, west side of Makaleha Valley, July 21, 1935 (Field) ; iidem 10047, growing up to 7 ft. tall, grassy, shrubby slope, half way between Makaleha Valley and ridge above Makua Valley, same date (Field) ; iidem 10299, partly shaded ridge, east slope of Puu Kaua, January 19, 1936 (Field); Degener & Takamoto 10293, rare, on partly wooded ridge, Kawaiiki, February 9, 1936 (Field); iidem & Martinez 10537, in sun with Lantana, etc., Ekahanui Ridge along Waianae Contour Trail, April 21, 1936 (Field); F. R. Fosberg & K. Duker 9044, bush 1.5 meters tall, alt. 510 meters, dry, bushy slope at foot of cliffs, head of Makua Valley, Waianae Range, November 25, 1932 (Berl.; Field; Gray; Kew; N.Y.); Forbes 20920 134 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI (type, Bish. : cotype, Field) ; Martin L. Grant 7018, alt. 475 meters, in Acacia-Metrosideros forest, Kaava-Kamokunui, District of Mokuleia, July 1, 1934 (Field) ; idem 7395, shrub 3 ft. tall, alt. 900 meters, in Metrosideros forest, Kalena, District of Waianae, September 30, 1934 (Field); idem 7456, shrub 3 ft. tall, alt. 840 meters, Kaala, Waianae District, October 4, 1934 (Field); Carl Skottsberg 387, Makaleha Valley, Waianae, August 30, 1922 (Goth.); Harold St. John 12250, in tufts on sunny grass slope, alt. 630 meters, Piko Trail, Keaau- Makua Forest Reserve, Waianae Mts., November 25, 1932 (Bish.; Field) ; idem & Francis R. Fosberg 12178, shrub 3-6 ft. tall, in thicket, alt. 600 meters, east ridge of 2nd gulch east of Puu Kaupakuhale, northeast slope of Puu Kaala, Mokuleia, October 23, 1932 (Bish.; Field) ; D. L. Topping 3308, shady hillside, Waimea Canyon, Feb- ruary 3, 1929 (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Kew; N.Y.); idem & Richard Northwood (Degener distrib. No.) 4330, on partly shaded rocky slope near falls, Waimea Canyon, February 19, 1933 (Field; N.Y.). The leaves of this species appear to have rather large leaflets in proportion to the thickness of the petiole. The terminal leaflet becomes 1 dm. long and 4.4 cm. wide. The branches of the inflores- cence are slender and widely diverging. The leaves and inflorescence combine to give a striking superficial resemblance to certain Central American specimens of B. squarrosa H.B.K. The achenes surpass those of nearly or quite all other species in the amount of twist- ing. The twisting commences early, in the young achene, and the mature achenes are frequently twisted through four or five complete revolutions. B. torta X B. fecunda. Specimens collected by Degener, Park, and Bush (4102, Field: 4103, Brit.; Field: 4104, Field; Gray), within 20 feet of both parents, 1 resemble B. torta in having the achenes spirally more or less twisted, although the twisting is much less regular than in B. torta. In other respects the resemblance to B. fecunda is much stronger. B. torta X B. amplectens. Certain specimens collected by Degener, Park, and Bush (4100, among bushes, grass, and rocks in dry region, near upper part of trail in Keawaula Valley leading to Kuaokala Forest Reserve, Oahu, November 28, 1931; Field; Gray) were found growing near B. torta and B. amplectens and are unques- tionably hybrids between the two. The general habit is of the latter, but the achenes are more or less bent or curled, showing a very weak 1 For field data, vide Deg. et al. num. 4101 sub B. torta et eosdem num. 4105 sub B. fecunda. eld Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXV BIDENS WIEBKEI Sherff OF THt DIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 135 approach to the strongly twisted ones of the former. More recently Mr. Degener has collected many additional plants nearby (at head of Makua Valley, Oahu, April 4, 1932; Berl.; Brit.; Field; Goth.; Gray; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; Par.; Phila.; U.S.; U.V.), in which, while the general habit is that of B, amplectens, the achenes are practically typical for B. torta. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII, FIGS, a-g Bidens torta: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.54; b, exterior involucral bract, X5.43; c, interior involucral bract, X5.43; d, ray corolla, X5.43; e, palea, X5.43;/, disc floret, X5.43; g, achene, X3.26; all from type. 45. Bidens fulvescens Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 86: 435. 1928. PI. XXIV, figs, i-o, and PI. XXIX. Bidens personans Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff, op. cit. 92: 205. 1931; etiam 94: 589. 1933. Fruticosa vel subfruticosa, caule ramisque tetragona et glabrata, demum 1.5-2.5 m. alta. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus usque ad 9 cm. longis saepe sparsim ciliatis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 2.2 dm. longa, pinnatim 3- vel 5-partita, juniora plerumque pilis numerosis fulvescentibus vel etiam ferrugineis obsita, foliolis ovato-lanceolatis vel rarius etiam anguste oblongo-lanceolatis, apice subobtusis vel breviter acuminatis, margine serratis et ciliatis, demum plus minusve glabratis, supra valde viridibus, infra pallidioribus (venulis numerosis perspicuis coloratis), imis nunc petiolulatis nunc sessilibus. Capitula numerosa corymbo-paniculata, radiata, pansa ad anthesin vix 1 cm. lata et tantum 3.5-5 mm. alta, pedicellis tenuibus, pubescentibus, saepius 0.5-2 cm. longis. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 5, lineares vel lineari-oblongae, patentes vel recurvatae, tantum 1-2 (raro -2.5) mm. longae, minute pubescentes vel glabratae, apice subobtusae; interiores lanceolatae 3-4 mm. longae. Flores ligulati plerumque 5, flavidi, ligula late oblanceolati, apice circ. 3-dentati, circ. 5-9 mm. longi. Achaenia linearia, nigra, obcompressa, glabra, spiraliter per 1 vel 1.5 convolutiones torta, circ. 8-12 mm. longa et 0.6-0.8 mm. lata, exaristata vel ad apicem rariter 1 vel 2 setis munita. Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener, No. 2515, in open woods, north slope of Mt. Kaala, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, February 11, 1928 (Field, 3 sheets). Distribution: Known only from Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. 136 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Specimens examined : William Bush 32, alt. 360 meters, semi-arid valley, south slopes, Palikea, July 7, 1929 (Berl.; Field; Kew; type collection of Bidens personans Deg. & Sherff ) ; idem 33, eodem loco et tempore (Field) ; Degener 2515 (type, Field, 3 sheets) ; idem 4196, alt. 600 meters, on weed- and grass-covered slopes in dry region, Pohakea Pass, July 30, 1932 (Berl.; Calif.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; Par.; U.V.); idem & Kwan Kee Park 4079, along terminal ridge among grass or shrubs, often fog-swept, north of Puumanawahua and south of Palikea, Waianae Range, September 27, 1931 (Berl.; Field; Gray; N.Y.; Par.; Mus. V.); iidem & Y. Nitta 4159, alt. 750 meters, on shrub- and grass-covered rocky slope, lateral ridge north of summit ridge where it is about equidistant from Puu Kamaohanui and Puu Pane, June 11, 1932 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Calif.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; Par.); iidem 4159a, eodem loco et tempore (Field; Kew); Degener, Park, Iwasaki, & Agliam 4400, on tree- and bush-covered, rocky canyon wall, Kamokuiki Valley, April 12, 1933 (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Goth.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.); Degener, Park, Iwasaki, & Bush 4243, northeast slope near summit, small valley immediately southeast of Puu Hapapa, October 30, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Del.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Par.; U.S.); Degener, Park, & Takamoto 10115, on dry, Lantana-covered ridge, Palehua, Waianae Range, November 23, 1935 (Field); iidem & Shigeura 10117, varying forms from dry and from wet sides of ridge, Mauna Kapu, December 16, 1935 (Field, 3 sheets) ; Degener, Park, Shigeura, & Topping 10119, spring- fed talus, Nanakuli Valley below Mauna Kapu, December 1, 1935 (Field; forma foliis juvenilibus subglabris, foliolis circumambitu atypicis); Degener, Park, & Yamamoto 4240, along dry stream bed among grass and bushes, small valley southeast of Palikea, October 23, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Calif.; Del.; Field; Goth.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.; Par.); iidem 4241, on ridge northwest of small valley cited for 4240, same date (Berl.; Brit.; Del.; Field; Goth.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.); F. R. Fosberg 9103, alt. 1,160 meters, wet forest, Puu Kaala, eastern slope of Waianae Mts., Waianaeuka, January 8, 1933 (Field; Goth.; Gray); idem 10374, more or less decumbent, wet forest, alt. 1,180 meters, Waianaeuka, November 5, 1933 (Field) ; idem 10382, moist forest, alt. 850 meters, Waianaeuka, November 5, 1933 (Field) ; Edward P. Hume 385, alt. 690 meters, shrub on dry, wooded ridge, Puu Hapapa, December 1, 1931 (Field); Park, Potter, & Topping (Degener distrib. No.) 10295, summit ridge, Palikea, January 5, 1936 (Field, 3 sheets); Carl THE GENUS BIDENS 137 Skottsberg 262, alt. 700 meters, Palehua-iki, Waianae, August 23, 1922 (Goth.); Harold St. John 13999 and 14000, shrub 0.5-1 ft. tall, alt. 780 meters, main divide northwest of Puu Kanehoa, January 7, 1934 (Field); idem 11128, alt. 840 meters, ridge south of Puu Hapapa, October 25, 1931 (Bish.; Field); D. L. Topping 3353, alt. 750 meters, open ridge, Puu Kanehoa, July 14, 1929 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field, 2 sheets; Kew; Mun.); Philip Westgate (Degener distrib. No.) 4132, open, moderately dry ridge, main ridge between Palikea and Von Holt's mountain house, April 10, 1932 (Berl.; Field; Gray). Appears to hybridize withB. micrantha var. kaalana (q.v.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV, FIGS, i-0 Bidens fulvescens: i, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.6; j, exterior involucral bract, X6; k, interior involucral bract, X6; I, ray corolla, X3.6; m, palea, X6; n, disc floret, X9; o, achene, X6; all from cotype of B. personans in Hb. Field. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX Bidens fulvescens: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.65; 6, a lower, 5-partite leaf, X0.65; c, exterior involucral bract, X6.54; d, interior involucral bract, X6.54; e, ray corolla, X6.54; /, palea, X6.54; g, disc floret, X6.54; h, i, j, achenes, X3.92; a-h, from Skotts- berg 262, in Hb. Goth.; rest from type material. 46. Bidens Campylotheca Schz. Bip. Flora 39: 359. 1856. PI. XXX. Campylotheca grandiflora DC. Prodr. 5: 593. 1836. Coreopsis Macraei Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 126. 1861. a. Foliola 7-9 var. ft. pentamera f. 1. filicifolia. a. Foliola usque ad 5. 6. Foliola plerumque 5 var. ft. pentamera sensu stricto. 6. Foliola rarius 5 B. Campylotheca sensu stricto. Herbacea vel demum fruticosa, usque ad 4.5 meters alta, caule tetragona gracilisque (vel infra interdum 2.5 cm. crassa), ramosa; ramis gracilibus, elongatis (usque ad 1.8 m. longis!), patentibus. Folia petiolata petiolis 1-5 (in foliis plantarum juvenum etiam usque ad 9) cm. longis, petiolo adjecto principalia 1-2.5 dm. longa, nunc indivisa et oblongo-ovata (plantarum juvenum etiam 5-6 cm. lata!) vel oblongo-lanceolata breviter acuminata, nunc tripartita foliolis lanceolatis et acutis vel breviter acuminatis lateralibus subsessilibus, membranacea, puberulo-hirtella vel glabra, moderatim vel creberrime 138 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI serrata dentibus saepius acriter apiculatis. Capitula laxissime paniculata paniculo interdum etiam 3 dm. lato, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 2 cm. lata et 6-12 mm. alta, pedicellis ultimis minute bracteatis usque ad 8 cm. (supra ramulescentiam) longis. Involucri glabri vel pubescentis bracteae variabiles, plerumque subaequales, 7 vel 8 exteriores lineari-oblongae vel oblanceolatae, apice obtusae, tergo saepe perspicue trinervatae, 4-7 mm. longae, interiores late lanceolatae. Flores ligulati circ. 5 (-8 fide Hillebrandii), flavi, oblongi vel late elliptico-oblanceolati, apice acriter irregulariterque dentati, 1 cm. longi. Achaenia lineari-subfusiformia, glaberrima vel superne nonnullis setis erecte setosa, atra, subrecta vel valde et saepe regulariter torta, exalata, ad margines crassa rotundataque, corpore 7-12 mm. longa et 1.4-1.7 mm. lata, apice calva vel irregula- riter 1-2-aristata aristis usque ad circ. 1.3 mm. longis, supra retrorsum infra antrorsum obsolete spinulosis. Type specimen : Collected by James Macrae at Mt. Kaah (Mauna Kea), Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands, June, 1825 (Del.). Distribution: Islands of Oahu, Lanai, and Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined : Otto Degener & Henry Wiebke 3000, sunny, rocky slope, Punaluu Valley, Oahu, February 20, 1927 (Field, 7 sheets; Haw.); C. N.Forbes 195H, Hanehane, Kona District, Hawaii, June 17, 1911 (Bish.); idem 346#, Honomalino, Kona District, Hawaii, July 25, 1911 (Bish., forma plus minusve puberula, quam ob rem typica); Gaudichaud (Voy. la Bonite) 220 pro parte and 221 pro parte, Hawaiian Isls., October, 1836 (Del.; Par.); William Hillebrand 39, Hawaii (Brit.; Kew); Macrae, Mt. Kaah, Hawaii, June, 1825 (type, Del.: cotypes, Berl.; Kew); idem, Oahu, May, 1825 (Kew) ; G. C. Munro 464, Kaiholena, Lanai, August 16, 1915 (Bish.); idem 505, Kohinahina, Lanai, February 12, 1916 (Bish., 3 sheets; Field, 2 sheets); J. Remy, Hawaii (N.Y.); idem 285, Hawaii, 1851-1855 (Gray, 2 sheets; Par.); St. John, Coulter, Hashimoto, L/indsay, & Mitchell 11404, shrub 15 ft. tall, in woods, Puuwaawaa, Hawaii, December 29, 1931 (Bish.; Field). The specimens collected by Munro on the Island of Lanai are glabrous forms, with the leaflets of the tripartite leaves somewhat wider than in the type material from Oahu or in the Forbes specimen (346H) from Hawaii. They do not, however, appear at all separable. Asa Gray's description of the achenes, "calloso-marginatis" (Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 126. 1861) demands amplification. The mature achenes on Remy 287, the specimen studied particularly by Gray, Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXVI BIDENS COARTATA Sherd OF THt Of HUMUS THE GENUS BIDENS 139 are rounded along the two margins and in some cases slightly thinner marginally than in the part nearer the median line. There is no suggestion, however, of wings. Regarding Gray's employment of the new trivial name Macraei I have already written in another place (Bot. Gaz. 70: 93. 1920; cf. ante, p. 19). The reason for DeCandolle's use of the name grandiflora is not apparent, for the flowering heads are only of average width when compared with those of other Hawaiian species. Bidens Campylotheca var. /3. pentamera Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 4. 1928. Folia principalia plerumque 5-partita, jugi inferioris foliolis lanceolatis, sessilibus vel vix petiolulatis, circ. 5-6.6 cm. longis et 1.4-2.9 cm. latis; capitulis pansis ad anthesin 3^4 cm. latis; flori- bus ligulatis circ. 8, ligulis linearibus. Achaenia torta, non nisi ad apicem setosa, exaristata vel rariter obsolete aristata 1 vel 2 aristis minutis, glabris, etiam infra apicem positis et in achaeniorum margines decurrentibus. Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener and Henry Wiebke, No. 2163, fog-swept medium forest in Koolau Gap, Haleakala Crater, Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands, August 11, 1927 (Field). Distribution: Known only from type locality, Haleakala Crater, Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Otto Degener & Henry Wiebke 2163 (type and cotypes, Field: cotypes, Berl.; Brit.; Haw.; Kew; Par., etc.); iidem 2177 pro parte, wet, open forest in fog belt, Koolau Gap, Haleakala Crater, August 11, 1927 (Field) ; Joseph F. Rock 8633, Haleakala Crater, October, 1910 (Gray). Bidens Campylotheca var. /3. pentamera f. 1. filicifolia Sherff, loc. cit. E varietate foliis 7-9-foliolatis, foliolis terminalibus et basalibus saepe irregulariter 2-5-partitis, aliis simplicibus differt. Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener and Henry Wiebke, No. 2177 pro parte, Koolau Gap, Haleakala Crater, Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands, August 11, 1927 (Field, 3 sheets). Distribution: Known only from type locality, Haleakala, Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Degener & Wiebke 2169, on arid cliffs near .spring, between Crater House and Koolau Gap, August 18, 1927 (Field); iidem 2177 pro parte (type, Field, 3 sheets: cotype, Haw., 140 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI 2 sheets); A. S. Hitchcock 14985, alt. 1800-3000 meters, moist, shady cliff, Haleakala Crater, October 2-5, 1916 (U.S.). One specimen of Degener & Wiebke 2177 is typical for the var. pentamera, but the remaining specimens differ conspicuously in hav- ing 7-9 leaflets, the terminal one and the two of the basal pair often irregularly 2-5-parted. In view of the pronounced endemism of Hawaiian plants, it seemed wise to interpret this distinction as connoting a definite forma of B. Campylotheca var. pentamera. Such interpretation was later given added force by the finding of the Hitchcock plant, which had been collected some eleven years earlier but matched the type very closely. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX Bidens Campylotheca: a, branch with subflowering and sub- fruiting heads, X0.55; b, c, additional leaves, X0.55; d, exterior involucral bract, X3.3; e, interior involucral bract, X3.3; /, palea, X3.3; g, disc floret, X3.3; h, achene, X3.3; all from Munro 505, 3 sheets in Hb. Bish. 47. Bidens nematocera Sherff, Amer. Journ. Bot. 22: 705. 1935. Campylotheca grandiflora var. j3. Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 215. 1888. Bidens Campylotheca var. nematocera Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 7. 1928. Plus minusve herbacea, glabra, ramosa ramis adscendentibus tetragonis. Folia tenuiter petiolata inferiora (petiolo usque ad 9.5 cm. longo adjecto) usque ad 21 cm. longa, summa indivisa cetera pinnatim 3-5-partita foliolis acriter serratis membranaceis ovato- oblongis ad basim cuneatis et imis plerumque petiolulatis apice breviter acuminatis terminali usque ad 11.5 cm. longo et ad 4.4 cm. lato; mediana (petiolo circ. 2-4 cm. longo adjecto) 1 dm. longa, foliolis vix angustioribus. Capitula corymboso-paniculata, tenuiter pedicellata pedicellis subsparsim hispidis 1-2.5 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 2.6-3.1 cm. lata et circ. 8-9 mm. alta. Involucri laxe glanduloso-hispiduli bracteae exteriores circ. 6, oblongo-lineares, inferne saepe angustatae, apice subobtusae, demum plerumque reflexae, 2-3.5 mm. longae; interiores ovato-oblongae circ. 5-6 mm. longae. Flores ligulati 5 (-8 fide Hillebrandii), flavi, ligula obovato- oblongi, apice 2-3-denticulati, 1.5-1.7 cm. longi. Achaenia atra, lineari-oblonga, aegre torta et arcuata, utrinque perspicue mediano- costata, ciliata, corpore usque ad 1 cm. longa et circ. 1-1.2 mm. lata, apice biaristata aristis longis (4 mm.) filiformibus interdum deciduis erecte retrorsumque hamosis. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXVII OF THt '.'NIVFHSITY ftf HilNQIS THE GENUS BIDENS 141 Type specimen: Collected by William Hillebrand, Waikolu, Island of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands (Berl., 2 sheets). Distribution : Known only from type locality on Island of Molo- kai, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined : William Hillebrand, Waikolu (2 type sheets, Berl.). One type sheet bears a sterile, more or less basal shoot, with large leaves very similar to those of Bidens Campylotheca of Oahu, Lanai, and Hawaii. The achenes and the habit of the inflorescence, as shown by the copious flowering and fruiting material on the other sheet, are, however, entirely distinct. 48. Bidens valida Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 102. 1920. PI. XXXI. Supra herbacea, infra verisimiliter fruticosa, glabra; caule tetragono, valido, 7 dm. alto. Folia (exsiccata) atra supra, acriter serrata, non ciliata, petiolata petiolis tenuibus usque ad 5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-15 cm. longa; superiora indivisa ovata vel ovato- lanceolata, abrupte acuminata, 2-6 cm. lata; inferiora tripartita (vel interdum 5-partita ? tantum unum inferius vidi), foliolis lanceo- latis, acuminatis. Capitula pauca, corymbosa, solitaria in pedunculis subtenuibus, majuscula, involucre ad anthesin circ. 6 mm. alto et (supra) 11 mm. lato, demum circ. 1.4 cm. alto et (supra) 1.2-3 cm. lato; pedunculis saepe bracteatis, 2-11 cm. longis. Involucri brac- teae exteriores 7 vel 8, foliosae, obtuse oblongo-lanceolatae, glabrae, apice obscure induratae, demum 1.5-1.8 cm. longae et 2-3 mm. latae, interioribus longiores. Flores ligulati non observati. Achaenia linearia, nigra, exalata, glabra vel sparsim setoso-hispida, apice proprio exaristata, plerumque sub apice biaristata aristis brevibus et retrorsum (1-3 setis) hispidis, corpore 8-13 mm. longa. Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes, No. 27 K, at Hanopu near Lihue, Island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands, July 9, 1909 (Bish.). Distribution: Known only from Hanopu near Lihue, Island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined : Forbes 27 K (type, Bish.: cotype, Field). EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXI Bidens valida: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.54; b, a tripartite leaf, X0.54; c, exterior involucral bract, X3.23; d, interior involucral bract, X3.23; e, palea, X3.23; /, g, achenes, X3.23; all from type. 142 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI 49. Bidens Stokesii Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 101, pi. 12, figs. g-o. 1920. PL XIX, figs. g-o. Supra herbacea, infra verisimiliter fruticosa, glabra; caule sub- tetragono, ramoso, 6 dm. alto. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1.5-4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-9 cm. longa et 2.5-6 cm. lata, ternata vel 5 foliolis pinnata, membranacea, non ciliata, foliolis rhomboideo-ovatis vel lanceolatis, orbiculato-serratis, terminali in- terdum breviter acuminate raro inciso-lobulato. Capitula pauca, paniculato-corymbosa, tenuiter pedunculata (ad fines ramorum 10-14 cm. longorum nudomm) pedunculis 1-5.5 cm. longis, ligulata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 2-2.5 cm. lata et 7 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 8, lineares, glabratae vel sparsissime his- pidae, apice induratae, 3-4 mm. longae, erectae vel recurvatae, interioribus longiores. Flores ligulati 6-7, flavidi, ligula oblongi, apice obscure denticulati, 7-10 mm. longi. Achaenia linearia, nigra, glabra, interdum plano-marginata sed non vere alata, saepe biaristata aristis tenuibus et obscure retrorso-hamosis, corpore db 7 mm. longa. Type specimen: Collected by John F. G. Stokes, at foot of pla- teau, southeast, Island of Niihau, Hawaiian Islands, January, 1912 (Bish.). Distribution: Known only from Island of Niihau, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Stokes, at foot of plateau, etc. (type, Bish.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX, FIGS, g-0 Bidens Stokesii: g, flowering branch, X0.54; h, i, additional leaves, X0.54;;, exterior involucral bract, X5.39; k, interior involu- cral bract, X5.39; I, ray corolla, X5.39; m, palea, X5.39; n, disc floret, X5.39; o, achene, X5.39; all from type. 50. Bidens amplectens Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 99. 1920. PI. XXXII. Herbacea supra, infra verisimiliter suflruticosa, ramosa, caule ramisque tetragona, glabra, probabiliter 5-8 dm. alta. Folia ple- rumque pinnata, membranacea, petiolata petiolis tenuibus 2-4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-12.5 cm. longa et 3-7.5 cm. lata; foliolis 3-5, ovato-lanceolatis, serratis (saepe irregulariter et grosse dentatis) dentibus orbiculatis, ad apicem acuminatis, terminali saepe majore. Capitula non multa, subsolitaria in pedunculis, laxissime corym- bosa, adolescentia iis Cosmidis specierum non dissimilia, florescentia 6-8 mm. alta et 3-5.5 cm. lata. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-6, Field Museum of Natural^History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXVIII BIDENS FORBESII Sherff OF THt OF I THE GENUS BIDENS 143 patentes vel etiam valde reflexae, crassiusculae, lineari-oblanceolatae, ad apicem subacutae et glanduloso-apiculatae, 3-6 mm. longae, quam interiores paulo breviores. Flores ligulati 7-8, ligula anguste obovati, apice obscure dentulati, 1.5-2.3 (rarius usque ad 4) cm. longi. Achaenia submatura grisea vel subnigra, plana, exalata, recta vel subrecta, marginibus apiceque setulosa, exaristata vel breviter biaristata aristis dense (hamis subrectis, albidis, elongatis) hamosis, corpore circ. 8-10 mm. longa. Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes (with Henry A. Pilsbry and C. Montague Cooke), No. 18390, at Kawaihapai, Waianae Range, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands (Bish.). Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: William Bush & D. LeRoy Topping 3684, rocky hillside, gulch between Kaena Point and Kawaihapai, October 12, 1933 (Field); iidem 3744 et 3745, eodem loco, May 6, 1934 (Field); Otto Degener 2099, arid Lantana region in ravine, Kawai- hapai, December, 1925 (Field, 2 sheets); idem 3531, dry slope at edge of Forest Reserve (in valley east of the one in which No. 2099 was found), southeast of Kawaihapai Railroad Station, January 27, 1929 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field; Kew; N.Y.); idem & William Bush 3532, alt. 300 meters, on spring-fed cliffs, opposite Kawaihapai Railroad Station, eodem tempore (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field; Kew; N.Y.); iidem & K. K. Park 4099, among bushes, grass, and rocks, in dry region, near upper part of trail in Keawaula Valley leading to Kuaokala Forest Reserve, November 28, 1931 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Calif.; Del.; Field, 2 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.; U.V.); Otto Degener & D. LeRoy Topping 4121, on 1/cm^cma-covered, somewhat dry slope, along trail leading to top of Keawaula Valley, March 24, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Kew); C. N. Forbes (with H. A. Pilsbry and C. M. Cooke) 18390 (type, Bish.: cotype, Field); E. P. Hume 305, alt. 180 meters, dry, wind- swept fore hill, Nihoa Gulch, mountain side, Mokuleia, November 15, 1932 (Bish.; Field); Northwood & Topping 3767, rocky hillside, new C.C.C. Trail, Kawaihapai, January 1, 1935 (Field). B. arnplectens X B. waianensis. B. waianensi achaeniis supra medium valde recurvatis vel subtortis similis, aliter B. amplectenti plus minusve similis. Specimens examined: Degener & Topping 4120, on Lantana- covered, somewhat dry slope, along trail leading to top of Keawaula 144 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Valley, Oahu, Hawaiian Isls., March 24, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.). Recently Mr. Otto Degener forwarded some specimens col- lected by himself and Mr. D. LeRoy Topping along the trail leading to the top of Keawaula Valley, on the Island of Oahu. One set, numbered by Degener 4119, was B. waianensis (q.v.). Another set, numbered by Degener 4121, was B. amplectens (v. supra). A third set, numbered by Degener 4120, was found to be of hybrid material, embodying throughout very emphatically the general habit of B. amplectens but approaching B. waianensis in the curva- ture or even the twisting of the distal half of the achenes. B. amplectens X B. torta. Vide sub B. torta. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXII Bidens amplectens: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.57; 6, exterior involucral bract, X3.44; c, interior involucral bract, X3.44; d, ray corolla, X2.87; e, palea, X3.44; /, disc floret, X3.44; g, achene, X3.44; all from type. 51. Bidens waimeana Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 164. 1923. PI. XXIII, figs. i-o. Herba fruticosa, gracilis, erecta, ramosa, glabra, verisimiliter 4-8 dm. alta. Folia petiolata petiolis 1-4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 6-9 cm. longa, pinnatim 3-5-partita, foliolis membranaceis, ovato- lanceolatis, acuminatis, serratis. Capitula cymoso-corymbosa vel irregulariter dispersa, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 1.5 cm. lata et 5-6 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 5, patentes, lineares, acutae vel obtusae, glabratae vel leviter glanduloso-his- pidae, interioribus lanceolatis saepe aequales. Flores ligulati circ. 5, flavi, ligula elliptico-oblanceolati, apice obsolete denticulati, 6-8 mm. longi. Achaenia atra, linearia, obcompressa, utrinque moderate attenuata, recta vel leviter curvata, non manifeste striata, faciebus rugulosa sed non pubescentia, marginibus suberecto-setosa, corpore 6-8 mm. longa et 0.5-0.75 mm. lata, apice erecto-setosa, saepe ad apicem vel interdum parce sub apice brevissime biaristata aristis glabris vel rariter 1-2 hamis retrorsum hamosis. Type specimen: Collected by Amos Arthur Heller, No. 2848, on Kaholuamanoa, above Waimea, Island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands, October 1-8, 1895 (Mo.). Distribution: Known only from type locality on Kaholuamanoa, above Waimea, Island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXIX BIDENS FULVESCENS Sherff THE GENUS BIDENS 145 Specimens examined : Heller, on Kaholuamanoa, above Waimea, October 11-16, 1895 (Field); idem 2848 (type, Mo.: cotypes, Brit.; Calif.; Field; Gray; Kew; N.Y.; Petrop.; U.S.). A species related toBidens asymmetrica (LeVl.) Sherff, B. micran- tha Gaud., and B. micranthoides Sherff. It can be told from B. asymmetrica by its straight or slightly curved, not twisted achenes; from B. micrantha by its marginally setose, smaller, more slender, and not conspicuously black achenes; from B. micranthoides by its taller, more branching, less herbaceous habit. The type specimen has the primary leaves mainly 5-partite; the cotypes examined have many of the primary leaves 3-partite. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII, FIGS, i-0 Bidens waimeana: i, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.6; /, exterior involucral bract, X3.6; k, interior involucral bract, X3.6; I, ray corolla, X3.6; m, palea, X3.6; n, disc floret, X3.6; o, achene, X3.6; all from cotype in Hb. N.Y. 52. Bidens micrantha Gaud. Voy. Freycinet Bot. pi. 85 (sine descript.). 1826; ibid. 464. 1830. PI. X, figs. a-h. Campylotheca micrantha (Gaud.) Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 51: 475. 1827. Coreopsis micrantha (Gaud.) A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 127. 1861. Bidens sandvicensis var. heterophylla Gray (excl. syn. B. luxurians Hook. & Arn.), op. cit. 128. Bidens Remyi Drake del Cast. Illustr. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. pi. 39. 1888; non B. Remyi (Hillebr.) Sherff. Coreopsis Remyi Drake del Cast. op. cit. 210. 1890. a. Achaenia plerumque multum irregulariterque curvata; planta ex insula Oahu var. 7. kaalana. a. Achaenia recta vel paulum curvata. b. Foliorum principalium lamina vel foliolum terminale serratum 20-28 dentibus pro unico latere var. 6. caduca. b. Dentes pauciores. c. Folia 3-5-foliolata, foliolis anguste lanceolatis, acuminatis, quoque latere paucis dentulis ad medium serrato. B. micrantha sensu stricto. c. Foliola latiora, magis profunde serrata, ad medium etiam laciniata var. /3. laciniata. Frutex glaber, caule plus minusve rubidus, 6-9 dm. altus. Folia gracilia, crassiuscula, irregulariter 3-5-foliolata vel summa simplicia, petiolata petiolis 1.5-5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-13 cm. longa, 146 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI foliolis anguste lanceolatis, acuminatis, quoque latere paucis dentulis ad medium serratis, 2-5 cm. longis et 4-12 mm. latis. Capitula numerosa, paniculata vel corymbosa, ligulata, pansa ad anthesin 4-6 mm. alta et 1.2-2 cm. lata, pedicellis tenerrimis 1-2.5 cm. longis. Involucri bracteae exteriores lineares, resino-pubescentes vel gla- bratae, minimae (circ. 1.5 mm. longae), bracteis interioribus multo minores. Flores ligulati 3-5, ligula anguste oblongi, flavi, saepe ad apicem obscure dentati, circ. 1 cm. longi. Achaenia linearia, nigra, obcompressa, recta vel torta, facie et marginibus plerumque glabra, corpore 7-10 mm. longa et circ. 0.8-1.5 mm. lata, apice nunc exaris- tata et setosa, nunc breviter biaristata vel etiam (marginibus excurrentibus sub apicem) irregulariter tri- vel quadriaristata, aristis glabris vel retrorsum hispidulis. Type specimen: Collected by Charles Gaudichaud in the Hawaiian Islands. 1 Distribution: Islands of Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Ballieu, Hawaiian Isls. (Par.); Adelbert Von Chamisso, Oahu, 1817 (Berl., 2 sheets; Hll.; Kew; Petrop., 2 sheets; forma foliis indivisis); C. N. Forbes 14 H, Puuwaawaa Mountain, Hawaii, June 8-14, 1911 (Bish.); idem 326Mo, ridge and foot of Lahainaluna Valley, Maui, February, 1913 (Bish.); Gaudichaud 71, Hawaiian Isls. (Del.); idem, sine num., Hawaiian Isls. (Par., 2 sheets); William Hillebrand, Hawaii (Brit.); idem, western and eastern Maui (Gray); idem, eastern Maui, 1870 (Kew); idem 43, Central Plateau, Hawaii (Berl., 2 sheets; Kew); Menzies, Hawaiian Isls. (Kew); G. C. Munro 122, Waiapaa, Lanai, September 26, 1913 (Bish., the form close to Gaudichaud's type illustration); idem 602, ridge to Puu Kukui, Maui (Bish.); J. Remy 281, Hawaii, 1851-1855 (Gray; cotype, Coreopsis Remyi Drake del Cast.); J. F. Rock 8200, alt. 1,200 meters, Kaanapali, western Maui, August 25, 1910 (Gray). The identity ofBidens micrantha Gaud, has long been a matter of conjecture with most authors. Many appear to have assumed that Gaudichaud's original plate was only a crude representation, and that hence the delineation of foliage, etc., given there must not be interpreted very literally. Consequently, various other species have been referred arbitrarily toB. micrantha Gaud, to such an extent that references in literature to B. micrantha Gaud, are almost entirely 1 Type herbarium not cited, but the Paris and Delessert herbaria contain specimens. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXX BIDENS CAMPYLOTHECA Schz. Bip. OF THt OF (HINDIS THE GENUS BIDENS 147 untrustworthy. In studying the recent collections from the Hawaiian Islands, I was impressed with the resemblance of a certain plant (G. C. Munro 602) to Gaudichaud's illustration. The leaves possessed the same peculiar outlines as in the drawing. A careful study of the plant showed that it was positively the true B. micrantha. Several other plants that, while varying in several minor details from this plant, were seen to belong nevertheless with it specifically, were then assembled. From this small group of specimens, together with some of Gaudichaud's own original specimens (Del.; Par.), I have been able to draw up the above description. Gray's description of his B. sandvicensis var. heterophylla is seen to have been derived primarily from his specimen (Gray) of Remy 281. But that plant, as I have pointed out before (Bot. Gaz. 70: 97, footnote 9. 1920), is merely a form of B. micrantha. Contrary to my former understanding of the matter, however, the name B. luxurians Hook. & Arn. (nee alior.), although used by Gray synonymously, must be kept distinct from Gray's var. heterophylla and so from B. micrantha. The name B. luxurians Hook. & Arn. was based upon a plant (Kew) collected by Captain Beechey on the Island of Oahu and very different from B. micrantha Gaud. Bid ens micrantha var. /3. laciniata (Hillebr.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 8. 1928. Campylotheca micrantha var. laciniata Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 216. 1888. Foliola latiora, magis profunde serrata, ad medium etiam laciniata. Type specimen : Found by William Hillebrand upon the Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands. 1 Distribution: Islands of Maui and Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Faurie 997, Wailuku, Maui, August, 1909 (Brit.) ; C. N. Forbes & C. M. Cook, Jr., 2AM, Maunahooma, western Maui, May, 1910 (Bish. ; Field) ; William Hillebrand, south ridge of valley of Wailuku, Maui, August, 1870 (Brit.); idem, Kula, eastern Maui, 1871 (U.S.; sub nom. Campylotheca micrantha j3.); idem, Haleakala Crater, Maui (Berl.); idem, Isl. Hawaii (Berl.); idem & J. M. Lydgate, Kula, Maui (Bish.) ; J. M. Lydgate, eodem loco (Berl.) ; J. Remy 280, Maui, 1851-1855 (Gray). In his Flora of the Hawaiian Islands, Hillebrand listed two varieties under Bidens micrantha Gaud. (Campylotheca micrantha t 1 Hillebrand's first cited locality, Honuaula, appears unrepresented by material in herbaria. For specimens from his second and third localities, viz., Kula and Wailuku respectively, see text. 148 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Cass.). One of these was his var. laciniata, and for its habitat the islands of Maui (Honuaula, Kula, Wailuku) and Hawaii were cited. Fortunately, there still exists in the herbarium of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum a specimen collected by Hillebrand and Lydgate at Kula, Maui, and determined on the original label as "ft. var. laciniata Hbd." Still another original specimen is in the British Museum of Natural History. It was collected by Hillebrand alone, at Wailuku, and was labeled "Campylotheca micrantha ft. var." Additional speci- mens are those by Lydgate, from Kula, and by Hillebrand, from Haleakala Crater on Maui (both in Hillebrand's private herbarium, Berl.). These plants came from Hillebrand's cited localities and may be regarded as authentic for the var. laciniata. The plant collected by Hillebrand on Hawaii has the leaves somewhat more deeply incised. Bidens micrantha var. 7. kaalana Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 8. 1928. Campylotheca micrantha var. 7. Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 216. 1888. Kami acriter tetragoni praecipue si herbacei. Foliola plerumque 3, ad apicem basimque minus elongata, dentibus 8-22 pro unico latere nunc perspicuis acribus apice saepe inflexis nunc minoribus. Capitula minora et ligulae breviores. Achaenia multum irregulari- terque curvata, plerumque exaristata sed corona setulosa coronata. Type specimen: Found on the Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands (see text). Distribution: Western Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined : C. N. Forbes, Makaha Valley, Kaala Range, February 12-19, 1909 (Field) ; Francis R. Fosberg 9482, erect, suf- frutescent herb, 1 meter tall, alt. 640 meters, Halona Valley, Waianae Mts., District Lualualei, May 12, 1933 (Field); idem 9515, suffru- tescent herb, 0. 5 meter tall, alt. 640 meters, dry ridge, Pohakea Pass, Honouliuli, eodem tempore (Field); William Hillebrand, Waianae Range (Berl., type). Hillebrand cited "Oahu! Kaala, and Waianae range" for his var. 7. In the apparent absence from herbaria of authentic original specimens, it had seemed unwise to attempt taking up this variety and giving it a formal name. Some years ago, however, the now deceased Charles N. Forbes sent me a large collection of Hawaiian specimens of Bidens which he had collected (cf. Bot. Gaz. 70: 98. 1920), and among tjiese was one (Makaha Valley, Kaala Range, etc.; now in Hb. Field) from the type locality cited by Hillebrand. This matches Hillebrand's description very closely, and is so different Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXXI BIDENS VALIDA SherU THE GENUS BIDENS 149 from typical B. micrantha that it may well be interpreted as repre- senting a valid variety. More recently (1933), I have been lent the entire Hillebrand collection of Bidens from Berlin. It contains two sheets labeled Campylotheca micrantha Cass. var. y. One bears a specimen from Makaleha, Oahu. This is true Bidens sandvicensis Less, and must be discarded. The other bears two specimens from Waianae Range, Oahu. These fit the type description closely and are seen to match the Forbes plant from Makaha Valley. The recently collected Fosberg 9482 is noteworthy in having larger and more conspicuously serrate leaflets, their teeth often up to 18-22 on a single edge and frequently somewhat inflexed at the tip. (Its general appearance comes close to that of the plate given by Drake del Castillo [111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif . pi. 38. 1886] for Bidens micrantha Gaud. Remy 280 and 282, which Drake had for B. micrantha, and which I have not seen, were said by him to have come from Lanai and Maui. Later, however, he gave [p. 210] Hawaii for the habitat.) Fosberg 9488 (suffrutescent herb 0.7 meter tall, in dry forest, alt. 580 meters, Halona Valley, District of Lualualei, Oahu, May 12, 1933; Field) appears to be a hybrid between var. kaalana and B. fulvescens. So also does Harold St. John 13123 (common, 2-4 ft. tall, on open slopes, alt. 615 meters, Pohakea Pass, Halona, Lualualei Forest Reserve, Oahu, May 12, 1933; Bish. and Field). Bidens micrantha var. 5. caduca Sherff, Amer. Journ. Bot. 22: 705. 1935. Campylotheca sandvicensis var. 0. Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 214. 1888. Bidens sandvicensis var. caduca Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 7. 1928. Folia superiora simplicia vel tripartita, laminis vel segmentis magis elongatis oblongo-lanceolatis, dentibus (20-28 pro unico latere folii simplicis vel folii tripartiti folioli terminalis) minus pro- tractis. Capitula minora (pansa ad anthesin tantum circ. 7-8 mm. lata) et multo plura, inflorescentia corymbiformi sed vix exserta. Achaenia matura atra circ. 1 cm. longa, aristis filiformibus vix hamosis et mox caducis. Type specimen: Collected by William Hillebrand on the Island of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands (Berl.). Distribution: Island of Molokai. Specimens examined: Hillebrand, Molokai (type, Berl.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE X, FIGS, a-h Bidens micrantha: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.59; 6, exterior involucral bract, X5.88; c, interior involucral bract, X5.88; 150 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI d, ray corolla, X3.53; e, palea, X3.53; /, disc floret, X5.88; g, h, achenes, X3.53; all from Munro 122, in Hb. Bish. 53. Bidens Menziesii (Gray) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 98. 1920. PI. XXXIII, figs, o, q-v. Coreopsis (Campylotheca) Menziesii Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 127. 1861. Coreopsis Menziezii Gray ex Drake del Cast. Illustr. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 209. 1890. Foliorum segmenta longe angusteque linearia, integerrima. B. Menziesii sensu stricto. Foliorum segmenta saepe etiam usque ad 1.8 cm. lata, perspicue dentata var. /3. leptodonta. Foliorum segmenta angustissima et plerumque filiformia. var. 7. filiformis. Suffruticosa, plerumque glabrata, 6-14 dm. alta, caule interdum 5 cm. crasso. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 3-6 dm. longis, petiolo adjecto 6-15 cm. longa, bipinnata- (vel subternati-) secta, summa 3-5-partita; segmentis longe angusteque linearibus, circ. 2-5 mm. latis, membranaceis, integerrimis, acriter apiculatis, mar- gine minute plus minusve revolutis. Capitula plurima in corymbum digesta, tenuiter breviterque pedicellata, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1-2 cm. lata et 3-4.5 mm. alta. Involucri plerumque glabrati bracteae exteriores circ. 5, tantum circ. 1 mm. longae, lineares vel lineari-spathulatae, apice subobtusae; interiores lanceolatae, circ. 2.5-3.5 mm. longae. Flores ligulati 4 vel 5, flavi, ligula oblanceolati, apice subintegri, 6-9 mm. longi. Achaenia obcompressa, linearia, demum leviter flexuosa vel aegre torta, glaberrima, subnigra, unica facie circ. 4 primariis sulcis sulcata, apice calva rariusve obsolete 1 vel 2 setis munita, 8-13 mm. longa et 0.6-1.1 mm. lata, exteriora saepe tenuiter subalata. Type specimen: Collected by the United States Southern Pacific Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes, upon the Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands, 1840. 1 Distribution: Islands of Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands. 1 Gray mentioned no type, but the above specimen from Hawaii was the first cited. Gray cited also the Island of Maui for further U. S. S. Pacif. Expl. Exped. material, and definitely cited Menzies and Remy as additional collectors of the species. The Menzies and Remy plants are at Gray Herbarium, but my manu- script contains no mention of my having seen the type specimen there. The Wilkes specimen seen (U.S.) is the one from western Maui. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXXII A BIDENS AMPLECTENS Shcrff OF UL UNIVERSITY Of ILUNOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 151 Specimens examined: F. D. Bennett, Maui (Berl.); Faurie 998, Kamalo, Molokai, June, 1910 (Brit.); idem 999, alt. 1,000 meters, Kamalo, Molokai, June, 1910 (Brit.); Degener & Wiebke 2894 pro parte, dry, sunny slopes, alt. about 450 meters, small valley east of East Fork of Kawela Gulch, Molokai, June 11, 1928 (Berl.; Brit.; Field, 2 sheets; Kew; N.Y.) ; iidem 3006, arid, barren ledges, on cliffs, east slope of Kapulei, Molokai, June 25, 1928 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field, 2 sheets; Kew; N.Y.); iidem 3007, hot, arid cliffs, second eastern gulch, Wawaia, Molokai, June 27, 1928 (Field, 2 sheets; N.Y.); iidem 3008, hot, barren cliffs, Kamalo Gulch, Molokai, June 29, 1928 (Field, 2 sheets; N.Y.); C. N. Forbes, ridge east of Wainu, western Maui, August, 1910 (Bish.; Field); idem 116Mo, mountains below Puu Kolekole, Molokai, July, 1912 (Bish.); idem 241#, Kanehaha, Kona District, Hawaii, June 23, 1911 (Bish.); idem 590Mo, Molokai, September, 1912 (Bish.); William Hillebrand, gulch of Kalae, Molokai, June, 1870 (Berl., 2 sheets; Brit.); idem, Molokai, 1870 (Kew); idem, Central Plateau of Hawaii (Berl.); A. Menzies, Hawaiian Isls. (Kew, 2 sheets; Brit.); U. S. Expl. Exped. under Capt. Wilkes, western Maui (U.S.); Henry Wiebke 3083, arid cliffs, East Ohia, Molokai, July 17, 1928 (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Kew; N.Y.). Bidens Menziesii var. ft. leptodonta Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 9. 1928. Campylotheca (Coreopsis} Menziesii var. ft. Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 216. 1888. Foliorum segmenta primaria saepe etiam usque ad 1.8 cm. lata, interdum usque ad costam mediam secta, dentibus plerumque per- spicue elongatis et tenuibus. Type specimen: Collected by William Hillebrand on the Island of Maui, Hawaiian Isls. 1 Distribution: Islands of Hawaii and Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: C. N. Forbes 162#, slopes of Hualalai, Hawaii, June 15, 1911 (Bish.); Hillebrand 29, Kohala, Hawaii (Kew) ; idem 298, Hawaii (Kew) ; idem, Maui (sub nom. Campylotheca Menziesii ft. var., Brit.); J. F. Rock 8310, alt. 1,800 meters, Kemole, Mauna Kea, Hawaii (Gray). Hillebrand's var. ft., my var. leptodonta, was cited for eastern Maui and also the Island of Hawaii. His description is faulty, 1 Hillebrand was not in the habit of designating his types as such, but the authentic specimen in the British Museum of Natural History, labeled by him Campylotheca Menziesii /3. var., appears to be the only one of its collection left by Hillebrand and hence may well be regarded as a type. 152 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI giving the leaves as 2 inches long, the primary segments cut to the rachis. The leaves on some of his own material are over 5 inches long; only comparatively few of the primary segments are cut to the rachis, but usually enough are thus deeply cut to impart a distinctive appearance to the foliage. Bidens Menziesii var. 7. filiformis Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 9. 1928. PI. XXXIII, fig. p. Campylotheca (Coreopsis) Menziesii var. 7. Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 216. 1888. Foliorum segmenta secundaria angustissima et plerumque filiformia. Type specimen: Collected by William Hillebrand on the Central Plateau of the Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands (Berl.). Distribution: Islands of Hawaii and Molokai, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Degener & Wiebke 2894 pro parte, with the species, dry sunny slopes, alt. about 450 meters, small valley east of East Fork of Kawela Gulch, Molokai, June 11, 1928 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field, 2 sheets; Kew; Mun.; N.Y.); C. N. Forbes 877 H, Koehe, Hawaii, June 17, 1915 (Bish.; Field); Hillebrand, Central Plateau, Hawaii (type, Berl.); idem 30, eodem loco (Kew); idem & J. M. Lydgate, cum specie commixt., Hawaiian Isls. (Bish.); H. Mann & W. T. Brigham, Central Plateau, Hawaii (Bish.) ; iidem 520, alt. 1,800 meters, Hualalai, Hawaii (Bish.; Del.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; U.S.); iidem 589, Hawaiian Isls. (Bish.); J. Remy 290, Hawaii, 1851-1855 (Gray) ; J. F. Rock 8351, Nohonaohae Crater, Hawaii, June, 1910 (Gray). EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIII, FIGS. 0-V Bidens Menziesii (figs, o, q-v): o, cauline leaf, X0.58; q, exterior involucral bract, X5.78; r, interior involucral bract, X5.78; s, ray corolla, X3.47; t, palea, X5.78; u, disc floret, X5.78; v, achene, X3.47; all from Wiebke 3083 in Hb. Field. Bidens Menziesii var. filiformis (fig. p) : small portion of branch with two subtended leaves, X5.78; from Forbes 877 H in Hb. Field. 54. Bidens waianensis Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 104. 1920. PI. XIV, figs. h-p. Campylotheca micrantha var. laciniata f. dissecta Skbg. Act. Hort. Gothoburg. 2: 273. 1925. Frutex glaber, supra ramosus, verisimiliter 5-8 dm. altus. Folia gracilia, petiolata petiolis tenuissimis 1.5-4 cm. longis, petiolo THE GENUS BIDENS 153 adjecto 4-12 cm. longa et 3-6 cm. lata, plerumque pinnata vel plus minusve bipinnata, foliolis primariis lanceolatis serratis acuminatis vel iterum pinnatis lobis ultimis linearibus integris ad apicem acriter mucronatis. Capitula multa, corymbosa vel corymboso-paniculata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 6 mm. alta et 1.5-2 cm. lata, breviter supra folia exserta, floribus 15-25. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 6, lineares, glabratae vel sparsim glanduloso-pulverulentae, ad apicem subacutae, 1-2 mm. longae, quam bracteae interiores dimidio bre- viores. Flores ligulati circ. 5, flavidi, ligula oblongo-oblanceolati, ad apicem obtusi, circ. 1 cm. longi. Achaenia linearia, subtetragono- obcompressa, nigra, valde torta, glabra vel apicem versus remote setosa, exalata, matura exaristata et 6-10 mm. longa. Type specimen: Collected by Charles N. Forbes, No. 20230, at Kolekole Pass, Waianae Range, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, February 1 and 2, 1915 (Field). Distribution: Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Otto Degener 3535, dry slope at edge of Forest Reserve, valley southeast of Kawaihapai Railroad Station, January 27, 1929 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field; Kew; N.Y.); idem & Kwan Kee Park 4078, sunny, moderately dry ridge near Puumana- wahua, Waianae Ridge, September 27, 1931 (Berl.; Field; Gray; Mo.); iidem & Y. Nitta 4115, windy, grassy, moderately dry plain, Kolekole Pass, Waianae Range, March 13, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Kew); iidem 4135, growing about 3 ft. high, comparatively weed-covered and grassy plateau near pipe line, one-half mile south- west of exact middle of summit ridge between Kaala and Kalena, April 24, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Kew); iidem 4136, com- monly 5 ft. high, open forest ridge where rain is frequent, one-fourth mile northeast of plants under No. 4135, same date (Berl.; Field; Gray; Kew; N.Y.); iidem 4252, in dry, grassy, wind-swept region, Kolekole Pass, March 13, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Del.; Field; Goth.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.); iidem 4253, below Puu Kalena, same date (Berl.; Field; Goth.); iidem & Wm. Bush 4129, rocky, rather dry slope partly covered with Lantana and grasses, 500 ft. northwest of Puu Kailio (near Kolekole Pass), May 1, 1932 (Field; Gray); iidem 4130, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Mo.); iidem 4131, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Mo.); Degener, Park, Potter, & Bush 10046 pro parte, grassy, shrubby slope, west side of Makaleha Valley, July 21, 1935 (Field) ; Otto Degener & D. L. Topping 4119, LcmZcmo-covered, somewhat dry slope, along trail leading to top of 154 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Keawaula Valley, March 24, 1932 (Field; Gray; Kew); iidem 10539, in dry scrub, northeast side of Puu Kumakalii, April 1, 1936 (Field) ; Degener & Henry Wiebke 2321, wind-swept arid grassy slope, Kole- kole Pass, January 1, 1928 (Berl.; Field, 3 sheets; Kew; Mun.); iidem & Guberlet 2294, wind-swept arid ridge, Kolekole Pass, December, 1925 (N.Y.); C. N. Forbes 20230 (type, Field: cotype, Bish.); F. R. Fosberg 10884, erect herb 1.5 meters tall, moist forest, alt. 780 meters, Puu Kawiwi-Puu Kaala ridge, Waianae Mts., March 31, 1935 (Field) ; J. A. Harris, Oahu, August 22, 1924 (Field) ; A. S. Hitch- cock 13958, slope of hill, Schofield Barracks, pass at west end, July 6, 1916 (U.S.); E. Y. Hosaka 177, shrub 3 ft. tall, alt. 750 meters, on dry slope, Puu Hapapa, back of Schofield Barracks, Waianaeuka, March 16, 1930 (Field; N.Y.; forma foliis plerumque indivisis); E. P. Hume 276, alt. 240 meters, dry slope, Waianae Valley, Waianae Mts., November 5, 1931 (Bish.; Field); Alfred Meebold (Degener distrib. No.) 4165, alt. 540 meters, Puu Hapapa, June, 1932 (Field; Gray; Kew); Kazuto Nitta (Degener distrib. No.) 3879, alt. 510 meters, Mt. Kaala, October 13, 1929 (Field; forma foliis atypicis); idem (Degener distrib. No.) 3880, alt. 450 meters, Mt. Kaala, October 13, 1929 (Field; forma); Carl Skottsberg 924, Waianae, October 24, 1922 (Goth.); idem 1135, Makaha Valley, October 24, 1922 (Field; cotype, Campylotheca micrantha var. laciniata f. dissecta Skbg.); J. F. G. Stokes, Kolekole Pass, 1915 (Bish.); D. L. Topping 3405, dry hillsides, along firebreak trail on northeast slope between Mt. Kumakalii and Mt. Kalena, January 6, 1929 (Berl.; Field; N.Y.); idem 3406, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Field; N.Y.; forma foliis nunc simplicibus nunc tripartitis sed achaeniis maturis typica) ; idem 3407, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Kew; N.Y.); idem 3408a, eodem loco et tempore (Brit.; Field; N.Y.); idem 34086, eodem loco et tempore (Field); U. S. Expl. Exped. under Capt. Wilkes, sine loco (U.S.); eadem, Oahu (Gray; N.Y.); eadem, Kaala Mts., Waianae Range, 1838-1842 (N.Y.). Asa Gray had determined the specimens collected under Captain Wilkes as being Bidens micrantha Gaud. (Coreopsis micrantha Gray). Later, in discussing Bidens micrantha (Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 127. 1861), he said: "Sandwich Islands, especially Oahu. Variable in the foliage, which is commonly more dissected than in Gaudichaud's figure." Clearly Gray had in mind the Wilkes plants, collected in the Waianae Range on Oahu. A study of the more recent specimens cited above, all collected in the same immediate locality, shows the same peculiarities of foliage. Furthermore, the floral and achenial Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXXIII BIDENS SANDVICENSIS var. SETOSA Sherff (figs. o-J) BIDENS BIPONTINA Sherff (figs, wi, n) BIDENS MENZIESII (Gray) Sherff (figs, o, q-v) and var. FILIFORMIS Sherff (fig. THE GENUS BIDENS 155 characters are seen to be very distinct from those of the more widely distributed Bidens micrantha, which occurs not only on Oahu but also on Hawaii, Maui, and Lanai. Hybrids with B. amplectens (q.v.) are known. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV, FIGS, k-p Bidens waianensis: h, i, typical leaves, X0.67; j, exterior involu- cral bract, X6.67; k, interior involucral bract, X6.67; /, ray corolla, X4; m, palea, X6.67; n, disc floret, X6.67; o, p, achenes, X4; h, p, from cotype in Hb. Bish.; rest from type. 55. Bidens Hillebrandiana (Dr. del Cast.) Deg. ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 6. 1928. PL XXXIV. Campylotheca Remyi Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 211 and 212. 1888. Coreopsis Hillebrandiana Drake del Cast. Illustr. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 209. 1890. Campylotheca Rutifolia LeVl. Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 123. 1911. Bidens Remyi (Hillebr.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 97. 1920; non B. Remyi Drake del Cast. op. cit. 78, pi. 39. 1888; nee Drake del Cast, ibid. 210. 1890. Omnino herbacea, late patens; ramis glabris, angulatis, 2-5 dm. longis, nonnullis decumbentibus et nodis radicantibus vel adscendenti- bus. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis 1-5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 12 cm. longa, nunc (rarissime) indivisa et ovata, nunc pinnatim 3-5-partita, nunc bipinnata foliolis lateralibus longe (usque ad 1 cm.) tenuiterque petiolulatis, segmentis obovatis vel oblongis, obtusis, crenatis, saepe decurrentibus, membranaceis vel crassius- culis, margine dentibusque eciliatis sed plus minusve induratis, plerumque revolutis, glabris vel interdum adpresso-hispidis. Capi- tula pauca vel subnumerosa, tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis (nunc simplicibus nunc plus minusve decompositis) usque ad 1 dm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 4-6 mm. alta et 1 cm. lata. Involucri bracteae glabratae, exteriores circ. 4, lineari-oblongae, supra dila- tato-obtusae, 1-3 mm. longae; interiores ovato-lanceolatae, dupli- citer longae. Flores ligulati circ. 5, flavi, ligula elliptico-oblongi, apice obtuso-rotundati et obscure denticulati, 5 mm. longi. Achae- nia obcompressa, atra, lineari-oblonga, exalata, unica facie circ. 4- striata, margine erecto-ciliata, corpore usque ad circ. 8 mm. longa (paleas usque ad 1 cm. longas non aequantia) et circ. 1 mm. lata, biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis 1-2.3 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Jules Remy, No. 287, on the Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands, 1851-1855 (Gray). 156 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Distribution: Islands of Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Otto Degener & Henry Wiebke 2097, exposed coast, Niulii, Kohala, Hawaii, August 6, 1926 (Field, 3 sheets; Haw., 2 sheets); iidem 2166, seacoast, Kohala, Hawaii, July 31, 1926 (Field) ; Urbain Faurie 931, Wailau, Molokai, June, 1910 (first cited number of Campylotheca Rutifolia LeVl.; Brit.; Par.); idem 965, Hawaiian Islands, 1909 (second cited number of Campylotheca Rutifolia LeVl.; Brit.); C. N. Forbes 268M, Hana, Maui, July, 1910 (Bish.; Field; Mo.); idem 524Mo, shore cliffs, Wailau Valley, Molokai, September, 1912 (Bish.); F. R. Fosberg 9666, alt. 8 meters, talus slopes at foot of cliffs, Wailau Valley, Molokai, July 4, 1933 (Field) ; idem 9916, alt. 5 meters, ocean bluffs, Pauwalu Point, near Keanae, Maui, August 20, 1933 (Field); Kazuto Nitta (for Otto Degener) & Henry Wiebke 3173a, on talus slope and cliffs exposed to ocean spray during storms, western side of Wailau Valley, Molokai, August 4, 1928 (Field); iidem 31736, eodem loco, August 5, 1928 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field, 2 sheets); iidem 3173c, eodem loco, August 11, 1928 (Berl.; Brit.; Field, 2 sheets; Kew); iidem 3173d, eodem loco, August 12, 1928 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field, 3 sheets; Kew); Jules Remy 287 (type, Gray); Anthony Apo Tarn (Degener distrib. No.) 4249, between Pawela and Huelo, eastern Maui, September, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Del.; Field; Goth.; Gray; Kew; Par.; nom. vulg., Aupana). A species offering apparently only little difficulty in determi- nation. The herbaceous, more or less prostrate branches, combined with the foliage habit, are very distinctive. The Forbes plants from Molokai and Maui have some of the' principal leaves bipinnate. Faurie 965 has a few of the leaves simple and has been described by LeVeill under the name Campylotheca Rutifolia. It appears different in no important respect, however, from ordinary B. Hillebrandiana. This species must not be confused with Bidens Remyi Drake del Cast., which was published at first (1888) with only a plate and analysis, the description following later (1890). Even though that name (based upon J. Remy 281) is referable to B. micrantha Gaud, (cf. Bot. Gaz. 70: 97, footnote 9. 1920), it nevertheless must be taken as having precluded the acceptance of my name 5. Remyi (Hillebr.), made later. Mr. 0. Degener suggested (in lit., February 21, 1927) the taking up, therefore, of the trivial name Hillebrandiana for the plant described first by Hillebrand under the name Campylotheca Remyi. 1 1 1 am informed by Dr. John Hendley Barnhart, of the New York Botanical Garden (in lit., November 30, 1927), that Hillebrand's Flora Hawaiiensis was Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXXIV I3IDENS HILLEBRANDIANA (Dr. del Cast.) Deg. ex Sherff Of TR IUI THE GENUS BIDENS 157 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIV Bidens Hillebrandiana: a, fruiting branch, X0.56; 6, an individual appressed-hispid leaf, X0.56; c, exterior involucral bract, X5.6; d, interior involucral bract, X4.5; e, palea, X2.8; /, achene, X2.8; all from type. 56. Bidens mauiensis (Gray) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 98. 1920. PI. XXXV, figs, a and e. Coreopsis mauiensis Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 125. 1861. Campylotheca mauiensis (Gray) Hillebrand, Fl. Haw. Isls. 211 and 213. 1888. Capitula pansa ad anthesin circ. 1.5-2.5 cm. lata. Folia (rariter indivisa) plerumque trisecta vel etiam 3-5-partita segmentis oblongis vel subcuneatis. B. mauiensis sensu stricto. Folia nunc indivisa nunc tripartita laminis segmentisve lanceolatis vel ovatis vel subrhomboideis vel etiam late cuneato-spathu- latis var. /3. cuneatoides. Folia nunc indivisa laminis ovato-orbiculatis basi latissime cunea- tis vel etiam subtruncatis, nunc 3-5-partita segmentis saepius rhomboideo-ovatis et apice obtusis. .hybrida B. mauiensis var. cuneatoides X B. Hillebrandiana. Capitula pansa ad anthesin saepius circ. 1.2-1.5 cm. lata. Folia principalia saepius 5-partita parce bipinnatisecta. var. d. media. Folia plerumque indivisa rarius tripartita var. . Forbesiana. Folia valde 2-3-pinnatisecta var. 7. lanaiensis. Decumbens, inferne lignea, valde ramosa, sparsim pubescens, mox glabrata, ramis 1.5-4.5 dm. longis, dichotomis, in furcis seniori- bus pedunculos marcidos ferrentibus. Folia petiolata petiolis 1-2.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad circ. 5 cm. longa, rariter nonnulla indivisa et ovato-deltoidea, plerumque trisecta vel etiam 3-5- partita segmentis oblongis vel subcuneatis, obtusis acutisve, inciso- dentatis vel etiam pinnatipartitis, submembranaceis, margine ple- rumque eciliatis. Capitula longe pedunculata pedunculis nudis monocephalicis folia multo superantibus 7-18 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.5-2.5 cm. lata et 6-8 mm. alta. Involucri mentioned in the Journal of Botany for April, 1888, and was published "probably in March" of that year. Dr. Barnhart finds Drake del Castillo's work (111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif., fasc. 4) referred to later, Nat. Novit., 2nd number for June, 1888; he believes that Drake del Castillo's work (fasc. 4) was published "probably late in May" of the same year. 158 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI bracteae exteriores 6-8, oblongo-lineares vel lineari-spathulatae, interdum ciliatae, ad apicem saepe glandulo-apiculatae, 3-4.5 mm. longae, interioribus subaequales. Flores ligulati 7 vel 8, flavidi, ligula elliptico-oblongi vel oblongo-oblanceolati, apice 3-dentati, 7-9 mm. longi; flores disci circ. 10. Achaenia plana, glabra, brunneo- atra, oblonga, alata, recta vel parce curvata, corpore 6-8 mm. longa et alis exclusis 0.8-1.2 (alis inclusis 1.5-2.1) mm. lata, alis supra in dentes vel aristas obsoletas et interdum seta minuta hori- zontali instructas productis. Type specimen: Collected by the United States Southern Pacific Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes, sandy or dry hills near the coast, Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands, 1840 (Gray; see dis- cussion under var. cuneatoides}. Distribution: Islands of Maui and Molokai, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Degener & Wiebke 2678, extremely arid, almost bare hills, from Papawai Point toward Puu Anu through Manawainui Gulch, Maui, July 12, 1927 (Brit.; Field; N.Y.); iidem 2679, extremely dry, barren hills near McGregor, west Maui, July 10, 1927 (Berl.; Boiss.; Field; Kew); William Hillebrand, Molokai (Berl.); idem, road between Lahaina and Wailuku, western Maui (Berl.); idem & J. M. Lydgate, Isthmus of Maui (Bish.); Jules Remy 289, Maui, 1851-1855 (Gray); U. S. S. Pacif.ExpLExped. under CapL Wilkes, sandy or dry hills, etc. (type, Gray: cotypes, N.Y.; Par.). For critical notes see under var. cuneatoides. Bidens mauiensis var. /3. cuneatoides Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 86: 440. 1928. PL XXXV, figs, b-d, f-o. A specie foliis nunc indivisis nunc tripartitis laminis segmentisve lanceolatis vel ovatis vel subrhomboideis vel etiam late cuneato- spathulatis, habitu fere Bidentis cuneatae differt. Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener and Henry Wiebke, No. 2680, on barren aeolian deposits near Wailuku, Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands, July 9, 1927 (Field). Distribution: Known only from type locality on the Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Degener & Wiebke 2261, arid, aeolian deposits, southeast of Wailuku, July 7, 1927 (Berl.; Boiss.; Field, 2 sheets; Kew; Mun.); iidem 2680 (type, Field: cotypes, Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Kew; N.Y.); H. Mann & W. T. Brigham 372, Isthmus of Maui (Bish.; Brit.; Corn.; Del.; Field, 2 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.; U.S., etc.). Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXXV j cadi b BIDENS MAUIENSIS (Gray) Sherff (figs, a, e); var. CUNEATOIDES Sherff (figs, b-d, f-o) Of THt UMIYERSITY OF THE GENUS BIDENS 159 The type material of Bidens mauiensis (the species proper) had the leaves, except for one small branchlet apparently somewhat ignored by Asa Gray in writing his original description, rather well dissected, with segments mostly linear to oblong, rarely rhombic- ovate. The duplicate sheet in the Torrey Herbarium (N.Y.) has, at the right, one specimen with some leaves tripartite and some undivided, the blades or their segments more or less rhombic-ovate, and somewhat suggestive of those of Bidens cuneata Sherff. Doubtless had Gray seen this last specimen he would have presented a different or an additional treatment. In any case, we are fortunate in having at hand two new and excellent series of specimens collected in July, 1927, by Degener and Wiebke in the type region. Their Nos. 2678 and 2679 are of the species as described by Gray. Their Nos. 2261 and 2680 have the leaves simple or merely tripartite. These latter thus match the ignored or at least undescribed specimens collected with Gray's type of the species proper. They are matched in turn by Mann & Brigham 372. The specimens of Mann & Brigham 372 at the Delessert Herbarium, the Bishop Museum, and the United States National Herbarium have the leaves mostly simple, but else- where they are mainly tripartite. The pronounced difference between the two types of foliage makes it appear worth while to treat the plants with simple or tripartite foliage as varietally distinct. Bidens mauiensis var. cuneatoides X B. Hillebrandiana Folia nunc indivisa laminis ovato-orbiculatis basi latissime cuneatis vel etiam subtruncatis, nunc 3-5-partita segmentis saepius rhomboideo-ovatis et apice obtusis. Capitula ad anthesin non valde radiata, disco circ. 1.2-1.4 cm. lato. Achaenia latiora alis inclusis principalia 3.2-3.8 mm. latis. Distribution: Southwesternmost East Maui. Specimens examined: Anthony Apo Tarn (Otto Degener distrib. No.) 4329, near the beach at Kanaio, Island Maui, November 28, 1932 (Field; N.Y. ; etc.). Bidens mauiensis var. 7. lanaiensis Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 80: 381. 1925. Campylotheca mauiensis var. /3. (sine nom.) Hillebrand, Fl. Haw. Isls. 213. 1888. Var. foliis magis membranaceis et magis divisis, petiolis tenuibus usque ad 5 cm. longis; capitulis minoribus, pansa ad anthesin circ. 1.2-1.5 cm. latis; bracteis exterioribus minoribus; floribus 160 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI ligulatis plerumque tan turn 5 vel 6; achaeniis brevioribus 5-7 mm. longis, atris, plano-convexis vel etiam subtetragonis, mine anguste alatis nunc exalatis, apice exaristatis sed minute coronulatis. Type specimen: Collected by William Hillebrand, Island of Lanai, Hawaiian Islands, in 1870 (Gray). Distribution: Islands of Lanai and Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Hillebrand, Lanai (Berl.) ; idem, eodem loco, July, 1870 (Brit.; Gray; Kew); idem, eodem loco, 1870 (type, Gray: cotype, Berl.); idem, northern Maui (Brit.). The specimens from Lanai, as also the Hillebrand specimen from "northern Maui," are of the same general habit as the typical B. mauiensis from Maui (and Molokai), but in respect to the characters noted above are definitely marked. It will be observed that there are more pronounced differences than are found to occur in certain other cases between two accepted species (e.g., Bidens connata and B. comosa, B. coronata and B. mitis, B. pilosa and B. biternata). In the case at hand, however, the remarkable degree of endemism mani- fested by Hawaiian plants renders the value of these distinguishing characters somewhat uncertain. For the present, I have thought it best to follow mainly the treatment of Hillebrand and of Charles N. Forbes, both of whom regarded the Lanai material as representing a variety (or varieties) of B. mauiensis. Bidens mauiensis var. 5. media Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 86: 441. 1928. Ex characteribus pro maxima parte var. lanaiensi similis sed foliis principalibus saepius 5-partitis parce bipinnatisectis minus decomposita; ex var. Forbesiana foliis non plerumque indivisis differt. Type specimen: Collected by George C. Munro, No. 450, Maunalei, Island of Lanai, Hawaiian Islands, April 19, 1915 (Field). Distribution: Known only from type locality, Island of Lanai, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: G. C. Munro 450 (type, Field : cotype, Bish.). See remarks under next following var. Forbesiana. Bidens mauiensis var. e. Forbesiana Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 86: 441. 1928. Ex characteribus pro maxima parte var. lanaiensi similis sed foliis plerumque indivisis rarius tripartitis differt. Type specimen: Collected by George C. Munro, No. 451, Maunalei, Island of Lanai, Hawaiian Islands, April 19, 1915 (Bish.). Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXXVI c a b d BIDENS MOLOKAIENSIS (Hillebr.) Sherff Of THt of THE GENUS BIDENS 161 Distribution: Known only from type locality, Island of Lanai, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: G. C. Munro 451 (type, Bish.). This and the var. media were included in a former paper (Bot. Gaz. 80: 381. 1925) among the plants referred to B. mauiensis var. lanaiensis. The considerations already referred to, however, for the var. cuneatoides make it appear similarly preferable here to segregate from the var. lanaiensis the two types of foliage which differ in not being finely dissected. The name Forbesiana alludes to Charles Noyes Forbes, who before his death (in 1920) had studied the type plant and regarded it as typifying a new variety. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXV Bidens mauiensis, figs, a and e: a, flowering branch, X0.67; e, leaf from plant shown in a, drawn to show characteristic appearance of leaves when dry and folded, X0.67; from one of several specimens on type sheet in Hb. Gray. Bidens mauiensis var. cuneatoides, figs, b-d, f-o: b, entire flowering plant, X0.67; c, d, tripartite leaves, X0.67; /, exterior involucral bract, X3.35; g, interior involucral bract, X3.35; h, ray corolla, X3.35; i, palea, X3.35; j, disc floret, X3.35; k, anthers, X23.5; I, upper portion of pistil, X23.5; m, peripheral ovary, X13.4; n, o, achenes, X3.35; 6, c, m-o, from material in blue envelope on type sheet of species proper, in Hb. Gray; d, from sheet bearing cotype of species proper in Hb. N.Y.; f-l, from Mann & Brigham 372, in Hb. Mo. 57. Bidens molokaiensis (Hillebr.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 97. 1920. PI. XXXVI. Campylotheca molokaiensis Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 211, 212. 1888. Coreopsis molokaiensis (Hillebr.) Drake del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 210. 1890. Herba humilis, infra fruticosa; caule brevi subprostrato vel fere erecto, ad apicem ramoso ; ramis parce dividentibus, saepe radicanti- bus, 1.5-3 dm. longis. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1.5-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 2.8-7 cm. longa et 1-2.5 cm. lata, plerumque indivisa, ovata vel subdeltoidea, ad apicem subobtusa vel sub- acuminata, serrata, basi lata saepe subcordata; rarius plus minusve tripartita, foliolis latis, terminali quam lateralibus multo majore. Capitula solitaria, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 8 mm. alta et 1.5-2.5 162 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI cm. lata, pedunculata pedunculis tenuibus 1-2 dm. longis, disci floribus circ. 10-24. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 6-8, lineares vel lineari-lanceolatae, crassae, saepe plus minusve hispidae, saepe glandule apiculatae, bracteas interiores paulo excedentes. Flores ligulati plerumque 8, flavi, ligula anguste obovati, apice plerumque lobati, circ. 0.8-1.2 cm. longi. Achaenia late linearia, recta, exalata, plus minusve ciliata, corpore 9-11 mm. longa, ad apicem (saepe setosa et) biaristata aristis acribus et superne retrorsum ciliatis, 1.5 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by William Hillebrand, near seashore at Waikolu, on north shore of Island of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands, in 1870 (Berl.). Distribution: Island of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Urbain Faurie 994, Kamalo, June, 1910 (Par.); Otto Degener 2868, rocky, dry, clay slopes, Kapale Gulch, May 6, 1928 (Berl.; Boiss.; Field, 4 sheets; Kew); idem & Henry Wiebke 2869, exposed, grassy cliff ledges several hundred feet above sea, Pohakunui, May 17, 1928 (Berl.; Boiss.; Field, 7 sheets; Kew); iidem 3004, Naiwa coastal cliffs, above Kalaupapa, June 18, 1928 (Field, 2 sheets; N.Y.); C. N. Forbes 523Mo, shore cliffs, Wailau Valley, September, 1912 (Bish.) ; idem 570Mo, Pelekunu Valley, Sep- tember, 1912 (Bish.) ; F. R. Fosberg 9671, grassy clearing in forest, Wailau Valley, July 4, 1933 (Field) ; Hillebrand, seashore, Kalawau (Kalawao) and Waikolu, 1870 (type material, Berl., 2 sheets; Brit.; Gray; Kew); Kazuto Nitta (forO^o Degener) & Henry Wiebke 3174, on talus slope and cliffs exposed to ocean spray during storms, western side of Wailau Valley, August 11, 1928 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field, 4 sheets; Kew; Mun.); iidem 31746, eodem loco, August 5, 1928 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Del.; Field; Kew; Mun.); J. Remy 288, Molo- kai, 1851-1855 (Par.). Bidens molokaiensis appears to hybridize with B. Hillebrandiana. 1 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVI Bidens molokaiensis: a, flowering specimen, X0.72; b, exterior involucral bract, X3.6; c, interior involucral bract, X3.6; d, ray 1 We may cite here two collections: Nitta & Wiebke 3175, collected with 3173 (B. Hillebrandiana) and 3174 (B. molokaiensis), but in slightly higher, richer locality, August 11, 1928 (Field); iidem 3176, collected with 3173 and 3174, August 5, 1928 (Berl.; Brit.; Field, 3 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; U.S.). Mr. Otto Degener (in lit. September 18, 1928) regarded these as perhaps hybrids between B. molokaiensis and B. Hillebrandiana, and to me No. 3176 appears as almost cer- tainly so. Mature achenes of each were planted in October, 1928, but failed to germinate. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXXVII BIDENS COSMOIDES (Gray) Sherff Of THE GENUS BIDENS 163 corolla, X3.6; e, palea, X3.6;/, disc floret, X3.6; g, h, achenes (show- ing range of ciliation on same plant), X3.6; a-/, from cotype in Hb. Kew; g, h, from Remy 288, in Hb. Par. 58. Bidens cuneata Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 102 and pi. 13. 1920. PI. XII, figs. j-p. Frutex ramosus, verisimiliter 6-10 dm. altus, ramis dichotomis, tenuibus, infra foliosis, supra in pedunculos productis. Folia cras- siuscula, rhomboideo-ovata, dentata (dentibus in unico latere plerumque 3-5), ad apicem acuta, ad basim anguste vel late cuneata, petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1-2 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 3-5 cm. longa et 1-2 cm. lata. Capitula solitaria, ligulata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 6 mm. alta et 2-2.5 cm. lata, pedunculis tenuibus 0.8-1.8 dm. longis. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 7, lineares, glabratae, glandulo-apiculatae, bracteas interiores subaequantes. Flores ligu- lati flavi, ligula late lanceolati, ad apicem denticulati, 8-11 mm. longi. Achaenia linearia, exalata, ad margines sparsissime ciliata, ad apicem ciliato-coronata, exaristata, 6-7 mm. longa. Type specimen: Collected by William Allanson Bryan, at Dia- mond Head, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, December 6, 1903 (Bish.). Distribution: Known only from type locality, Diamond Head, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined : Bryan, Diamond Head, December 6, 1903 (type, Bish.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII, FIGS, j-p Bidens cuneata: j, fruiting branch, X0.63; k, exterior involucral bract, X4.41; I, interior involucral bract, X4.41; m, ray corolla, X4.41; n, palea, X4.41; o, disc floret, X4.41; p, achene, X4.41; all from type. 59. Bidens Saint-Johniana Sherff, Bish. Mus. Occas. Paps. 12. No. 19: 12 and pi. 6. 1937. Fruticosa, implicata decumbensve, glabra, ramosa. Folia petio- lata petiolis alato-marginatis basi subconnatisi 1 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto plerumque tantum 3-4 cm. longa et 1.7-3 cm. lata, ad ramorum apices plus minusve adgregata, rhomboideo-orbiculata, apice saepius rotundata, supra medium acerrime serrata dentibus mucronatis inflexisque (saepius 3-12 pro utraque margine), inde usque ad basim (petiolo incluso) angustata lateribus concavis, mem- branacea. Capitula solitaria vei subsolitaria pedunculis tenuibus 164 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI glabris 1 dm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 3 cm. lata et 8 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-8, saepe crassiusculae, anguste vel moderate oblongae vel oblongo-subobovatae, apice obtusae, tergo plurinervatae et glabrae sed saepe longitudinaliter rugosae, circ. 7-8 mm. longae; interiores ovatae, apice puberulentae, paulo breviores. Flores ligulati circ. 8, flavi, ligula oblongo-obovati, apice saepe obsolete denticulati, circ. 1.3 cm. longi. Paleae lineares, superne attenuatae colorataeque, circ. 6-8 mm. longae. Achaenia griseo-atra vel atro-brunnea, oblongo-linearia, obcompresso-tetra- gona, facie quaque 2-sulcata, costis marginibusque perspicue brevi- setosa setis acerrimis plerumque antrorsis rarius retrorsis, exalata, recta vel subarcuata, corpore 6-9.3 cm. longa et 1-1.7 mm. lata, sub apice raro in rostrum crassum et 1 mm. longum angustata, apice biaristata; aristis erectis, tenuibus, 1-3.5 mm. longis, acerrime supra plerumque retrorsum infra saepe antrorsum hamosis. Type specimen: Collected by Harold St. John, No. 15688, matted or trailing over basalt ledges or soil and guano, at altitude of 30 meters, Southeast Islet, Marotiri Islands, July 22, 1934 (Bish.). Distribution: Southeast Islet, Marotiri (Maretiri or Bass) Islands. Specimens examined: Harold St. John 15683, trailing, shallow soil on basalt, alt. 80 meters, the reduced state of drier, more exposed places, Southeast Islet, July 22, 1934 (Berl.; Bish.; Field); idem 15688 (type, Bish.: cotypes, Berl.; Field; Kew). 60. Bidens Cosmoides (Gray) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 98. 1920. PI. XXXVII. Coreopsis (Campylotheca') Cosmoides Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 126. 1861. Frutex erectus, valde sese extendens, 1.2-2.4 m. altus; ramis herbaceis, glabris, plus minusve quadrangulatis. Folia membra- nacea, ternata vel pinnata vel summa indivisa, petiolo adjecto 0.8- 1.4 dm. longa; foliolis (3-5, raro etiam -9) lanceolatis vel ovato- lanceolatis, acuminatis, serratis, glabratis vel sparsissime hispidis, saepe ciliatis, lateralibus sessilibus vel indistincte petiolulatis, 4-7 cm. longis et 1.3-2.8 cm. latis, terminali paulo majore; petiolis tenuibus, plerumque fere glabris, 2-6 cm. longis. Capitula maxima, solitaria, cernua, longe pedunculata pedunculis demum circ. 6-9 cm. longis, ligulata, pansa ad anthesin 3-4 cm. alta et 5-6.5 (vel etiam -9) cm. lata. Involucri bracteae exteriores 8-10, foliaceae, oblongo-lanceolatae vel lineares, erectae vel reflexae, acutae vel subobtusae, plerumque ciliatae, 1-2 cm. longae, interioribus longiores. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXXVIII BIDENS CLARENDONENSIS Britt. OF THfc ilNIVFRSITY OF THE GENUS BIDENS 165 Flores ligulati 8-14, flavi, ligula oblanceolati, acriter 2-3-dentati, 3-4 cm. longi; disci floribus circ. 50, genitalibus praesertim stylo longissimo (circ. 3 cm. longo) valde exsertis. Achaenia matura non vidi ; immatura linearia, exalata, plus minusve flexuoso-curvata, mar- ginibus faciebusque hispidula, apice setuloso-coronulata et plerum- que aristis 2 brevibus vel brevissimis munita. Type specimen : Collected by the United States Exploring Expedi- tion under Captain Wilkes, in mountains on Island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands, 1840 (U.S.). Distribution: Island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Otto Degener & Henry Wiebke 2168, sunny slope in light forest, Halemanu, Kokee, June 27, 1926 (Berl. ; Field, 3 sheets; Kew; Par.); Urbain Faurie 933, Waimea, March, 1910 (Brit.); C. N. Forbes 218K, Wahiawa Mountains, August, 1909 (Bish.); idem 785K, west side of Waimea Drainage Basin, July 3- August 18, 1917 (Bish., 2 sheets); idem W85K, eodem loco et tempore (Bish.); idem 1698K, Kololau trail, Waimea Drainage Basin, July 3- August 18, 1917 (Bish.); A. A. Heller 2791, Kaholuamanoa, above Waimea, September 2-9, 1895 (Bish. ; Brit. ; Calif. ; Corn. ; Kew; Minn. ; N.Y. ; Par., 2 sheets; Phila. ; U.S.) ; A. S. Hitchcock 15291 et 15388, alt. 1,080 meters, Kaholuamanoa, October 20, 1916 (U.S.); J. M. Lydgate, Kauai (Bish.); Mann & Brigham, alt. 900 meters, Waimea (Corn.); iidem 537, alt. 600-900 meters, Waimea (Brit.; Del.; Gray; Kew; U.S.); J. Remy 278, Hawaiian Isls., 1851-1855 (Gray); J. F. Rock 10291, Kaholuamanoa, October 20, 1911 (Gray, 2 sheets; Par.); Mrs. Francis Sinclair, Jr., Hawaiian Isls. (Kew); H. St. John, F. R. Fosberg, & V. Oliveira 13699, 4-6 ft. tall, alt. 1,110 meters, edge of wet woods, Kokee, Waimea, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Decem- ber 27, 1933 (Field) ; U. S. Expl. Exped. under Capt. Wilkes, Kauai (type, U.S.); Heinrich Wawra, Kauai (Berl.). A strange and anomalous species. Not only are the acutely toothed, numerous rays and the large, wide involucral bracts dis- tinctive but the style column is remarkably elongate and might with some botanists serve as a basis for a separate genus. Hillebrand (Fl. Haw. Isls. 214. 1888) cites only the Island of Kauai for this species, listing the United States Exploring Expedi- tion, Remy, Mann, and Knudsen as the collectors of it there. Gray's citation of the Island of Hawaii for the type, collected by the U. S. Exploring Expedition, was surely erroneous. The Gray Herbarium lacks a specimen of the type collection, but the type itself (U.S.) has "Mts., Kauai" on the label. The Sinclair plant, with "Hawaii" 166 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI on the label, doubtless came from Kauai. Mrs. Sinclair has illustrated this species elsewhere (Indig. Fl. Haw. Isls. pi. 19. 1885) and stated that the various species collected by her came from the islands of Kauai and Niihau. According to Mrs. Sinclair, it is a "spreading bushy plant, five or six feet high, with twining, interlacing, branches, one plant covering from eight to ten feet of ground. It generally grows under the shade of the open forest, in the mountain regions at various heights above the sea, but seldom less than two thousand feet. "In ordinary seasons it blooms in April and May, but occasionally flowers may be found as late as the end of June or beginning of July. "The Poolanui [nomen incolarum] is quite a striking flower, not only on account of its size and colour, but also on account of the great number in bloom at the same time giving the sombre forest quite a bright appearance during the spring months. It is a useful fodder plant, cattle and horses eating it with avidity, but it soon disappears if constantly eaten down." EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVII Bidens Cosmoides: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.6; b, exterior involucral bract, Xl.81; c, interior involucral bract, Xl.81; d, ray corolla, Xl.81; e, palea, Xl.81;/, disc floret, Xl.81; g, anthers, X7.26; h, upper portion of pistil, X 10.89; i, achene, Xl.81; a, from Remy 278, in Hb. Gray; rest from Heller 2791, in Hb. Mo. and Hb. Field. 61. Bidens clarendonensis Britt. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 39:9.1912. PI. XXXVIII. Perennis, glabra; caule repenti, subligneo, tereti, saepe 4 m. longo, ramoso ramis teretibus. Folia petiolata petiolis superne marginatis 1-3.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 5-10 cm. longa, nitido- subcoriacea, valde odorata, indivisa, rhomboideo-ovata, grosse serrata 5-16 dentibus in unico latere, apice acuta, basi late cuneata, marginibus subindurato-revoluta et non ciliata, venis brunneis numerosis perspicue venata. Capitula perpauca, subumbellata, pedunculata pedunculis 0.5-2 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 2.5 cm. lata. Involucrum glabratum vel hispidum; bracteis exterioribus 9-13, plus minusve biseriatim dispositis, late linearibus vel lineari-lanceolatis, acutis vel obtusis, rarenter paulum ciliatis, 8-11 mm. longis, 1.5-2 mm. latis, interiores saepe superantibus. Flores ligulati circ. 5, aurantiaco-flavi, ligula oblongi, apice integri Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXXIX BIDENS MONTICOLA Poepp. & Endlich. or ut UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 167 vel saepius minute 2- vel 3-dentati, 1.5-2 cm. longi. Achaenia linea- ria, subtetragona, longitudinaliter omnino circ. 8-sulcata (unica facie plerumque 2-sulcata), glabra, corpore 8-10 mm. longa, bre- viter et saepe inaequaliter biaristata (vel una vel etiam duabus aristis saepe deficientibus) ; aristis mine retrorsum hamosis hamis perpaucis, mine calvis, usque ad 1 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by William Harris, No. 10987, in Peck- ham Woods, at altitude of 750 meters, Upper Clarendon, Jamaica, July7,1911(N.Y.). Distribution: Known only from type locality at Upper Claren- don, Jamaica. Specimens examined: Harris 10987 (type, N.Y.: cotype, Kew); idem 11180, alt. 750 meters, Peckham Woods, Upper Clarendon, Jamaica, September 27, 1912 (Field; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVIII Bidens clarendonensis: a, fruiting branch (one leaf drawn to show characteristic venation), X0.69; b, exterior involucral bract, X3.45; c, interior involucral bract, X3.45; d, ray corolla, X3.45; e, palea, X3.45; /, disc floret, X3.45; g, anthers, X20; h, pollen grain, X414; i, upper portion of pistil, X20;;, achene, X5.5; a, mainly from type; rest from Harris 10987, in Hb. Field. 62. Bidens monticola Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 3: 49, pi 255. 1845. PI. XXXIX. Bidens Rubifolia H.B.K. var. monticola Baker in Mart. Fl. Brasil. 6, pt. 3:245. 1884. Frutex valde dumosus, glaber, 1.2-2.5 m. altus; ramis erectis vel suberectis, teretibus, lignosis, principalibus plus minusve elon- gatis, ramulis oppositis vel potius trichotomis. Folia petiolata petiolis subalatis planis 0.7-2 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-10 cm. longa et 1-3 cm. lata, oblongo-lanceolata vel rhomboideo-ovata, apice acuminata, basi cuneata in petiolum attenuata, marginibus argute et regulariter serrata, utrinque glaberrima, subtus in colorem sordide badium vergentia. Capitula terminalia, subcorymbosa vel etiam subracemosa, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 1.5-2 cm. lata et 0.7-1.3 cm. alta, pedunculata pedunculis parvis, glanduloso- pubescentibus, viscosis, plerumque 1-4 cm. longis. Involucri insig- niter glanduloso-pubescentis viscosique bracteae exteriores circ. 8-12, laxae, lineares, acutiusculae, 6-8 mm. longae, quam interiores erectae paululum longiores vel interdum multo breviores. Flores 168 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI ligulati circ. 6-8, ligula anguste obovati, apice rotundato obtuse bidentati, obscure flavi, circ. 1-1.2 cm. longi. Achaenia demum paleas superantia, linearia, subobcompresso-tetragona, atra, erecto- (et interdum tuberculato-) setosa, corpore 8 mm. longa et 0.8 mm. lata (forsan tantum immatura vidi?) apice spinulosa et biaris- tata; aristis retrorsum hamosis, circ. 1-1.5 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Eduard Poeppig, in calcareous, herb-covered, rather dry places in the mountains about Casapi (Cassapi), eastern Peru, 1829 (Mus. V.). Distribution: Peru. Specimens examined: E. P. Killip & A. C. Smith 24114, alt. 1,800-2,400 meters, thickets and open woods, Huacapistana, Dept. Junin, June 5-8, 1929 (Field); iidem 24249, eodem loco et tempore (Field); Alexander Mathews, Peru (Kew); idem 1757, Casapi (Kew; Oxf.; Petrop.); Poeppig, in mountains about Casapi (type, Mus. V.); idem 1715, Cochero (Berl.; Kiel; Mus. V.; Oxf.; Par.; Petrop.). In general aspect simulating various Pacific Island species, such as Bidens australis Spreng. and B. hawaiensis Gray. The tetragonal achenes show that the species is very distinct from B. Rubifolia H.B.K., with which Baker (loc. cit.) associated it. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIX Bidens monticola: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.68; 6, exterior involucral bract, X3.4; c, interior involucral bract, X3.4; d, ray corolla, X3.4; e (outer, short-hairy), / (inner, glabrous), paleae, X3.4; g, disc floret, X3.4; h, achene (showing 2 normal and 2 rudi- mentary aristae), X3.4; all from A. Mathews, Peru, in Hb. Kew. 63. Bidens reptans (L.) G. Don in Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. 3. 360. 1839. 1 PI. XL. Coreopsis reptans L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1228. 1759; Amoen. Acad. 5: 381 (nomen) and 407. 1760; J. E. Smith, Spicilegium Bot. fasc. 2: 20 and pi. 22. 1791-1792. Coreopsis viminea Browne ex Smith, op. cit. 20. Coreopsis scandens Smith, loc. cit. Coreopsis variifolia Salisb. Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allert. 206. 1796. Bidens Coreopsidis DC. Prodr. 5: 599. 1836. 1 At a much later date, Hitchcock (Mo. Bot. Gard. Ann. Kept. 4: 101. 1893), evidently unaware of G. Don's previous transfer of the Linnean species to Bidens, made the transfer a second time. THE GENUS BIDENS 169 Bidens Coreopsidis var. reptans (L.) DC. loc. cit. Bidens Coriopsidis DC. ex Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. Isls. 720. 1864 (sphalm). Bidens Rubifolia var. Coreopsidis (DC.) Baker in Mart. Fl. Brasil. 6,pt. 3:245. 1884. Bidens reptans L glabrescens 0. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 139. 1911. Coreopsis caracasana Willd. ex 0. E. Schulz, op. cit. 140 (ex synon. B. reptanti). Bidens reptans var. bipartita 0. E. Schulz op. cit. 141. l Folia principalia pinnatim 3- vel raro 5-7-partita. B. reptans sensu stricto. Folia principalia plerumque 2-3-pinnatisecta. Foliorum segmenta anguste vel late lanceolata, acute submu- cronato-dentata var. /3. Urbanii. Foliorum segmenta linearia integraque var. 7. dissecta. Suffrutescens, scandens; caule volubili, ad basim quadrangulo vel demum subtereti, supra teretiusculo, setis brevissimis recurvatis sparsim vestito vel glabro, viridi vel purpurascenti, usque ad 6.5 m. (vel ultra) longo, ramoso ramis squarrosis pendulisve. Folia petiolata petiolis 1-3 cm. longis et saepe reflexis, petiolo adjecto 0.4-1 dm. longa, membranacea, supra glabrata vel rarissime sparsim pilosula, infra rarissime pubescentia vel tomentosula, interdum utrinque glabra (f. glabrescens 0. E. Schulz), inferiora et summa simplicia, reliqua 3- vel raro 5-7-partita, foliolis serratis, interdum ciliatis, terminali oblongo-ovato vel lanceolato (saepe longe), acumi- nate, 2.5-8 cm. longo et 1-3.5 cm. lato; lateralibus minoribus, acutis vel acuminatis, basi inaequilaterali sessilibus vel breviter petiolulatis, ovatis vel ovato-lanceolatis, vel infimis raro ad latus superius seg- mento unico parvo sessili auctis vel trisectis (var. bipartita O. E. Schulz). Capitula radiata, apice ramulorum tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis nudis vel 1-3 prophyllis minutis obsitis 1-5 cm. longis, pansa ad anthesin 2-3 cm. lata et 7-11 mm. alta. Involucrum plus minusve hispidum; bracteis exterioribus 8-11, linearibus vel lineari- !The West Indian Coreopsis chrysantha L. (Sp. PI. ed. 2. 2: 1282. 1763), omitted in the above synonymy, was based upon Bidens [americana] triphylla, angelicae folio, flore radiato. Plum. Cat. PI. Amer. 10. 1703; Plum. PI. Amer. ed. Burm. 1 : 42, pi. 53, fig. 1 . 1756. It is regarded by some (e.g., O. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 140. 1911) as synonymous withB. reptans. The illustration given by Burmannus (Plum. PI. Amer. loc. cit.) is very crude and inaccurate for B. reptans, yet its foliage aspect suggests that species more than any other Bidens of the West Indies. DeCandolle (Prodr. 5: 605. 1836) hesitatingly changed the Linnean name to Bidens chrysantha ("Bidens? chrysantha"). 170 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI spathulatis, acutis, parce vel valde ciliatis, 4-8 mm. longis, quam interioribus anguste oblongo-lanceolatis brevioribus, demum patenti- bus recurvatisve. Flores ligulati 5-8, flavi, ligula elliptic! vel anguste obovati, apice subemarginati vel acutiusculi, 1.2-1.7 cm. longi. Achaenia plana vel obcompresso-tetragona, linearia, nigrescentia, praesertim ad margines pilis erecto-patentibus plerumque 2-4- adgregatis et saepe tuberculo parvo insidentibus pilosa, biaristata (rarissime imperfecte triaristata); aristis tenuibus, maxima ex parte retrorsum hamosis, saepe ad basim antrorsum setosis, 2.54 mm. longis. Type specimen: No single specimen was cited in the original description (Sloane, Cat. PI. Jam. 125. 1696; idem, Voy. Jam. 1: 261, pi. 1 54, figs. 2 and 3. 1707) . The first specimens studied, however, had been found by Hans Sloane in the inland forests of Jamaica, partic- ularly upon the Red Hills, going to Guanaboa and on Mt. Diablo. The type illustration by Sloane (loc. cit.) is definite and character- istic, admitting of no doubt as to its application. Distribution: West Indies, where apparently restricted to the islands of Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Montserrat, Antigua, Mar- tinique, and St. Vincent; very rare in southeastern Mexico (Gaumer 2083, State of Yucatan; Kerber 147, State of Vera Cruz) and Vene- zuela (Linden 487 p.p., Prov. of MeYida). Specimens examined: R. C. Alexander, Jamaica, 1850 (Gray); Anderson, St. Vincent (Kew) ; Belanger 176, St. Pierre to Precheur, Martinique, May, 1853 (Del.); Bertero, Jamaica (Del., type of BidensCoreopsidis DC.); idem, eodem loco (Mo., sub nom. Coreopside chrysantha W.); N. L. Britton 2621, hillside, Bower's Wood Road, vicinity of Bog Walk, Jamaica, April 2, 1908 (N.Y.) ; idem & J. F. Cowell 12789, vicinity of El Guero, Prov. Oriente, Cuba, March 18- 19, 1912 (N.Y. ; forma Bidenti incisae adpropinquans) ; N. L. Britton & Arthur Hollick 2001, alt. 500 meters, Bluefields Mt., Jamaica, March 6-7, 1908 (N.Y.); Stewardson Brown 145, vicinity of Mande- ville, Jamaica, February 15-26, 1910 (N.Y.; Phila.); Patrick Browne (verisimiliter Antigua fide J. E. Smithii loc. cit.; Linn.); Caley, up the valley, St. Vincent, January 7, 1823 (Del.); Joseph Crawford 630, vicinity of Kingston, Jamaica, April 22-24, 1910 (N.Y.; Phila.); idem 636, eodem loco et tempore (N.Y.; Phila.; forma varietati bipartitae adpropinquans); Cuming 101, Jamaica (Mus. V.); Pere Duss 1445, Martinique, 1881-1883 (Field; Mo.; N.Y.); Eggers 3437, alt. 360 meters, at Banana River, Jamaica, January 21, 1888 (Mun.) ; idem 6612, alt. 180-360 meters, Montrose Hills, St. Vincent, Decem- Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XL BIDENS REPTANS (L.) G. Don Of THE GENUS BIDENS 171 her 26, 1889 (Hun.); G. F. Gaumer 2083, San Anselmo, Yucatan, Mexico (Field); George P. Goll 572, Guayama Road, Puerto Rico, November 18, 1899 (N.Y.); L. Guilding, St. Vincent (Kew); Ludwig Hahn 408, Piton de la Case-Pilote, Martinique, January, 1867- 1868 (BerL; Boiss.; Brit.; Del., 2 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mun.; Mus. V.; Par., 3 sheets; Phila.; U.S.; forma circumambitu foliorum B. squar- rosae adpropinquans) ; 0. Hansen, in mountains near Kingston, Jamaica, 1897 (Cop.); William Harris 5617, Yallab. Valley, Jamaica, December 13, 1893 (Brit.); idem 12303, alt. 570 meters, Hagley Gap, St. Thomas, Jamaica, December 20, 1915 (Brit.; Gray; Kew); idem 12209, Liguanea Ridge, St. Thomas, Jamaica, November 21, 1915 (Brit.; Field; Kew; Mo.); A. A. Heller 6081, on Adjuntas Road near Ponce, Puerto Rico, November 21, 1902 (Del.; Field; Mo.; Phila.); idem & uxor 874, on banks, Aibonito, Puerto Rico, March 22, 1899 (N.Y.); Heustin, Jamaica, 1730 (Brit.); A. S. Hitchcock, Blue Mountain Peak, Jamaica, December 12, 1890 (Mo.; forma tomentosa, foliis nunc indivisis nunc 3-partitis); Theodor Holm 61, alt. 350 meters, Las Mesas near Mayagiiez, Puerto Rico, February, 1915 (Mo.); E. Kerber 147, Atoyac, Vera Cruz, Mexico, November, 1882 (Berl., 3 sheets; Brit.; Del.; Kew; Mus. V.; Par., 2 sheets; U.S.; forma B. squarrosae affinis et foliis plus minusve bipartitis atypica; nom. vernac. fide Kerberi Te" de China) ; J. J. Linden 487 p.p, alt. 3,300 meters, Prov. Me"rida, Venezuela, August, 1842 (Mus. V.); March 1198, Jamaica, 1858 (Kew); Metcalfe, Jamaica, 1859-1860 (Brit.); Nicholson, Antigua (Kew); Purdie, hedges and waste places, Manchester, Jamaica, November, 1873 (Kew); Rose, Fitch, & Russell 3425, Antigua, February 4-16, 1913 (Field; Gray; forma foliis plus divisis); Ryan, Montserrat (Cop.); J. A. Shafer 319, Elberton, Montserrat, January 29, 1907 (Cam.; Field; N.Y.); idem 8943, Firmeza to Gran Piedra, Prov. Oriente, Cuba, March 4-5, 1911 (N.Y.); R. Shakespear, Jamaica (Brit.); Sieber 331, Martinique (Berl., 4 sheets; Kew; Kiel; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V., 3 sheets; Par.; U.V.) ; P. Sintenis 3876 pro parte, on slopes of Mt. Montoso (Cerro Montuoso) near Maricao, Puerto Rico, November 23, 1884 (BerL; Brit.; Kew; type material of var. bipartita 0. E. Schulz); idem 2919, between Aibonito and Algarrobo, Puerto Rico, December 2, 1885 (Berl.; Gray; Kew; Mun.); idem 5576, in forests at the Rio Grande, Aguada, Puerto Rico, December 4, 1886 (Berl.; Boiss.; Del.); H. H. & G. W. Smith 1220, common in dry forests or second-growth thickets, alt. from near sea level to 300 meters, leeward side and southern end of St. Vincent, December-February (Gray); F. L. 172 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Stevens & W. E. Hess 4278, Manati, Puerto Rico, November 5, 1913 (N.Y.); J- A. Stevenson, Garrochales, Puerto Rico, December 6, 1914 (Gray); Wilson, Jamaica (Kew); Charles Wright 314 pro parte, eastern Cuba, 1856-1857 (Gray; Kew); Wullschlagel 317, in shady places among bushes, Antigua, 1849 (Mun.). The bibliographic status of Bidens reptans is very definite and rests upon a direct and positive chain of synonyms going back to pre-Linnean literature. G. Don (loc. cit.) based his name B. reptans (1st) upon plate 22 of Smith's Spicilegium and (2nd) upon Coreopsis reptans L. Smith's plate is seen to represent the common tripartite- leaved form shown also in my own plate (q.v.). From a perusal of Smith's text, it is seen further to have been drawn necessarily from cultivated material raised in the hothouse, from seed received from Jamaica by the Marchioness of Rockingham. Smith's plant is the same species as the single Linnean specimen, still extant, of Coreopsis reptans L. (Linn.). 1 It is the same, too, as the species illustrated in Sloane's Voy. Jam. pi. 154, figs. 2, 3 (1707), the single reference given by Linnaeus, together with a harmonious description, when he first published the name Coreopsis reptans (Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1228. 1759). Thus the two references given by Smith go back clearly to the same species. Don's use of the Linnean name reptans leads in any case back to the first Linnean publication of the name, based upon Sloane's plant. From Sloane's text (Voy. Jam. 1: 261. 1707) we see that Sloane's plant was the "Chrysanthemum trifoliatum scandens, flore luteo, semine longo, rostrato" reported in his earlier Catalogus Plantarum Jam. (p. 125. 1696) to have been found in the inland forests of Jamaica. In his later work he cites it definitely as growing "among the Trees and Shrubs on the Red Hills going to Guanaboa, on Mount Diablo, and the other inland woody parts of this island." The type locality for B. reptans is seen, then, to be the inland forests of Jamaica, especially those on the Red Hills and on Mt. Diablo. Coreopsis viminea was merely a manuscript name which Smith found to have been given by Browne, in an unpublished Flora, to our 1 The sheet in the Linnean Herbarium has the letters Br and the name Coreopsis reptans. The letters Br stand for Browne, according to the distinguished Linnean student, Dr. B. Daydon Jackson (coram mense Julio, anno 1914). This sheet bears, then, the plant referred to by Smith (loc. cit.). According to Smith it had been sent in Dr. [Patrick] Browne's herbarium to Linnaeus and later was erro- neously considered by Linnaeus [Amoen. Acad. 5: 407. 1760] as representing the second Verbesina of Browne's Civil and Natural History of Jamaica (p. 319. 1756). Browne's second Verbesina was evidently a very different plant and the Browne Jam. reference has justly been rejected by a long line of botanists since Smith's time. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XLI BIDENS REPTANS var. URBANII (Greenm.) O. E. Schulz THE GENUS BIDENS 173 Bidens reptans. C. variifolia Salisb. was based directly upon material growing wild in Jamaica and collected by William Browne. Salis- bury gave "C. reptans Linn. Sp. PL ed. 2. p. 1281" as a synonym. Bidens Coreopsidis DC. was based upon the Jamaica material collected by Bertero; the original Sloane plant also was cited. B. Coreopsidis is seen to be clearly synonymous with B. reptans. In leaf outline and in size of heads, B. reptans is highly variable. Typically the leaves are mainly three-parted, a few being simple. At times some or most of them have two or three pairs of lateral leaflets, with the lowermost leaflets tending to have on their upper edge a single miniature leaflet; this mere state is the var. bipartita 0. E. Schulz. 1 Again, forms are found (e.g., Rose, Fitch, & Russell 3425, Antigua) with the leaves grading into the bipinnatisect type and approaching too closely specimens that, beyond dispute, are B. Urbanii Greenm. In fact, 0. E. Schulz (in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 141. 1911) referred B. Urbanii Greenm. as a variety to B. reptans. In a former paper (Bot. Gaz. 56: 493. 1913), I expressed the opinion that B. Urbanii, as well as the sister forms B. dissecta and B. Brittonii, should be classed as separate species. An examination of numerous additional specimens has since compelled the conclusion that B. Urbanii and B. dissecta are best treated as mere foliage varieties of B. reptans, while B. Brittonii must be regarded as varietally the same as the Urbanii material, differing only in its pronounced foliar pubescence. Bidens reptans var. /3. Urbanii (Greenm.) 0. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 141. 1911. PI. XLI and PI. XLII, figs. a-h. Coreopsis scandens Sesse" & Moc. Fl. Mex. ed. 2. 194. 1894 (pro parte, ex una planta in Herb. Field; cf. B. squarrosam) . Bidens Urbanii Greenm. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 271. 1907. Bidens mexicana Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 56: 491. 1913. Bidens Brittonii Sherff, op. cit. 492. Bidens reptans var. Brittonii (Sherff) 0. E. Schulz, Repert. Sp. Nov. 26: 111. 1929. Folia circumambitu triangulari-ovata, petiolo adjecto 3-11 (inter- dum etiam usque ad 15) cm. longa; nunc pinnatim 5- vel 7-par- tita foliolis ovatis lanceolatisve; nunc et saepissime bi- vel tripin- natisecta, segmentis anguste vel late lanceolatis et acute sub- mucronato-dentatis, interdum ciliata, supra glabra vel minute 1 Regarding the too numerous transitional forms between B. reptans and B. squarrosa, most of them more or less like this "var. bipartita," see under B. squarrosa. 174 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI sparsimque hispidula vel moderate pubescentes, infra glabra vel subglabra vel rariter valde tomentosa. Capitula radiata vel rarissime discoidea. Involucrum glabrum vel inferne parce hispidum; bracteis exterioribus 7-9, linearibus vel lineari-spathulatis, acutis vel sub- obtusis, interdum ciliatis, squarroso-reflexis, 3-4.5 mm. longis; interioribus oblongo-lanceolatis, quam exterioribus fere dimidio longioribus. Flores ligulati plerumque 5, pallide flavi, ligula oblanceo- lati vel anguste oblongi, 1-1.5 cm. longi, apice acuti vel subobtusi, integri. Achaenia linearia, nigra, erecta vel vix recurvata, obcom- presso-tetragona, ad margines et interdum ad costas medias pilis saepe 2-4-adgregatis et plerumque tuberculo minimo insidentibus ciliata, corpore 7-12 mm. longa, demum paleas multo superantia, biaristata (vel rarissime tri- vel quadriaristata? cf. Greenm. loc. cit.); aristis subflavidis, retrorsum vel ad basim saepe antrorsum hamosis, 2-3 mm. longis. Type specimen : Collected by Paul Sintenis, No. 387, on the slopes of Mt. Montoso (Cerro Montuoso), near Maricao, northwestern Puerto Rico, November 23, 1884 (Field). Distribution: Islands of Puerto Rico and Cuba; also in southern Mexico and Guatemala. Specimens examined: N. L. Britton 3654, hillside, Parish of St. Thomas, Jamaica, September 15-19, 1908 (N.Y.); idem & J. F. Cowell 1559, Monte Mesa, Mayagiiez, Puerto Rico, February 14-15, 1914 (Gray; N.Y.; sine radiis); iidem 4115, mountain forest, Monte Montoso (Cerro Montuoso), Puerto Rico, February 13, 1915 (N.Y.; vinea 8 m. longa); iidem & Shafer 12955, alt. 100 meters, river valley, Ensenada de Mora, Prov. Oriente, Cuba, March 26-29, 1912 (N.Y.); E. A. Goldman 468, Apazote, near Yohaltun, Campeche, Mexico, December 20, 1900 (U.S.) ; W. Hancock 35, in woods, between Acapulco and Puerto Nuevo, Guerrero, Mexico, November 13, 1882 (Kew) ; Theodor Holm 61a, alt. 350 meters, Las Mesas, near Maya- giiez, Puerto Rico, December, 1914 (Field; Mo.); E. Langlasse 689 p.p., alt. 300 meters, southern Mexico, December 2, 1898 (Kew) ; Leon, Clement, & Roca 9820, alt. about 800 meters, Cobre Range of Sierra Maestra, Cuba, July 11-August 14, 1921 (N.Y.); Ynes Mexia 1305, slightly ill-smelling, alt. 100 meters, near Rio de Cuale, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, December 17, 1926 (Mo.; Stanf.); J. G. Ortega 6108, Mezcaltitan, Santiago Ixc., Nayarit, Mexico, January, 1926 (Stanf.); Edward Palmer 95, vicinity of Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico, October, 1894-March, 1895 (Field; Gray; Kew; type material of Bid ens mexicana Sherff); Sesse, Mocino, Castillo, & Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XLII BIDENS REPTANS var. URBANII (Greenm.) O. E. Schulz (figs, a-h) var. DISSECTA O. E. Schulz (figs, i-s) OF Itft DIVERSITY OF IUINOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 175 Maldonado 2915 (labeled also 1724), Mexico, 1787-1804 (Field; sub nom. Coreopside scandenti); P. Sintenis 387 (type, Field: cotypes, Berl., 2 sheets; Boiss; Brit.; Cam.; Del.; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; Par.; U.V., etc.) ; F. L. Stevens & W. E. Hess 4873, Maricao, Puerto Rico, November 18, 1913 (N.Y.); H. Von Tuerckheim 8237, alt. 350 meters, Cubilquitz, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, Janu- ary, 1902 (Berl.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; U.S.); Charles Wright 314 pro parte, eastern Cuba, 1856-1857 (Gray; N.Y.). The leaves of the type material of Bidens mexicana Sherff have the leaflets much larger and simpler than do those on the type material of B. Urbanii Greenm. Goldman's material from the State of Campeche, Mexico (and cited by Greenman) has, however, leaf- lets of both sorts. It clearly effaces all foliage distinctions between the two and indicates definitely their common identity. In fact, several cotypes of B. mexicana have been observed with leaves very finely divided, grossly different from those on the type of B. mexicana (Field) but similar to those on the type and cotypes of B. Urbanii. While B. mexicana must, therefore, be reduced to synonymy with B. Urbanii, it is interesting to note in particular the scantily divided leaves on the type of the former. Some of these are seen to be 5- partite as in B. reptans "var. bipartita" 0. E. Schulz and to offer a strong gradation through that form to B. reptans. The floral and fruiting characters in many specimens run too closely into those of B. reptans. Therefore, as stated above, it has seemed wiser to adopt 0. E. Schulz's course and rank these forms under B. reptans, as the var. Urbanii (Greenm.) 0. E. Schulz. The type specimen of B. Brittonii Sherff, as also the cotype in the Columbia College Herbarium (N.Y.), was mounted upon the same sheet with a specimen of B. reptans proper. 1 Upon the sheet was written, evidently in Torrey's handwriting, "2 species," while, just below, Gray had written, "no. A. Gr." In his diagnosis of Wright's plants, Gray treated this form as a variety of B. reptans with dissected leaves. But the fact that the leaves are pubescent above and strongly tomentose beneath, as well as finely dissected, made it seem certain to me in 1913, when studying these plants, that two species had been confused and that Torrey's assumption was correct. Dr. N. L. Britton, to whom the material was shown for examination, came to a similar conclusion and later I named the form with dissected foliage in his honor. Since then, however, the finding of specimens of B. reptans with tripartite but pubescent- 1 Wright's No. 314 in the Kew Herbarium is all B. reptans proper. 176 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI tomentose leaves and the finding of evidence that the parallel forms B. Urbanii and B. dissecta are reducible to varietal rank under B. reptans, have led to the conclusion thatB. Brittonii is only a variety of B. reptans, and best equated with var. Urbanii. Bidens reptans var. 7. dissecta 0. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 142. 1911. PI. XLII, figs. i-s. Bidens dissecta (O. E. Schulz) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 56: 493. 1913. Bidenti reptanti var. Urbanii similis sed foliorum dissectione vali- dior; foliolis 3-4 jugis, plerumque tripinnatisectis, segmentis linea- ribus integrisque. Type specimen: Collected by William Harris, No. 5420, weed along roads at altitude of 810 meters, near Moy Hall in Blue Moun- tains, Jamaica, November 9, 1894 (Berl.). Distribution : Known only from Jamaica. Specimens examined: Harris 5420 (type, Berl.: cotype, N.Y.); idem (similiter) 5420, alt. 1,500 meters, Portland Gap, November 16, 1894 (Field); idem 12302, alt. 600 meters, climbing among shrubs, roadside banks, Cedar Valley, St. Thomas, December 20, 1915 (Brit.; Kew; Mo., 2 sheets; N.Y.; Phila.); C. R. Orcutt 3830, Arntully, November 9, 1927 (Stanf.) ; E. E. Sherff, cult, ex unico achaenio e Harrisio 12302, Chicago, Illinois, 1916-1920 (Field, etc.; multis speciminibus) . In December, 1915, the late William Harris, Superintendent of Public Gardens for the Department of Agriculture in Jamaica, very kindly made a journey to collect specimens of this variety for me. Material obtained then at Cedar Valley, St. Thomas (eastern Jamaica) was found to match the type material very closely. Characteristically, the primary leaflets or their immediate subdivisions were seen to be deeply toothed, giving them a more or less pectinate appearance. A mature achene was planted and from cuttings of the resulting vine many plants were obtained. These were transferred in the autumn to a greenhouse. Some individuals were kept two years. They flowered profusely but did not produce fruit. Their leaflets were finely divided and lacked the pectinate appearance mentioned (which is shown in my plate). They differed from the leaflets of var. Urbanii only in having the segments narrower, making it appear doubtful if more than varietal distinction between the two will ever be considered justified. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL Bidens reptans: a, flowering branch, X0.7; b, a more compound leaf (var. bipartita 0. E. Schz.), X0.7; c, exterior involucral bract, Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XLIII BIDENS INCISA (Ker) G. Don THE GENUS BIDENS 177 X3.5; d, interior involucral bract, X3.5; e, ray floret, X3.5;/, palea, X3.5; g, disc floret, X3.5; h, achene, X3.5; a, from C. Wright 314, in Hb. Kew; b, from Sintenis 3876, in Hb. Kew; rest from Heller 6081, in Hb. Field. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLI Bidens reptans var. Urbanii: a, flowering branch, X0.6; b, more compound leaf, X0.6; c, exterior involucral bract, X9.1; d, interior involucral bract, X9.1; e, ray floret, X3.04;/, palea, X4.25; g, disc floret, X4.25; h, achene, X3.64; b, from cotype in Hb. Mo.; rest from 2 sheets of Palmer 95 (type material of Bidens mexicana Sherff), in Hb. Field. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLII Bidens reptans var. Urbanii, figs, a-h: a, leafy branch, X0.67; 6, portion of leaf, enlarged to show pubescence, X6.73; c, exterior involucral bract, X4.04; d, interior involucral bract, X4.04; e, ray corolla, X2.69; /, palea, X4.04; g, disc floret, X4.04; h, achene, X3.37; all from C. Wright 314 pro parte (type collection of Bidens Brittonii Sherff), a-g in Hb. Gray and h in Hb. N.Y. Bidens reptans var. dissecta, figs, i-s: i, fruiting branch, X0.67; j-m, various cauline leaves, X0.67; n, exterior involucral bract, X4.04; o, interior involucral bract, X4.04; p, ray corolla, X2.69; q, palea, X4.04; r, disc floret, X4.04; s, achene, X3.37; i-k and m-s, from W. Harris 12302, in Hb. Field; I, from cotype in Hb. N.Y. 64. Bidens incisa (Ker) G. Don in Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. 3. 360. 1839. PL XLIII. Coreopsis incisa Ker, Bot. Reg. 1 : pi. 7. 1815. Bidens Coreopsidis var. incisa (Ker) DC. Prodr. 5: 599. 1836. Bidens reptans (L.) G. Don var. tomentosa 0. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 141. 1911. Herba perennis, scandens; caule fruticoso, tereti, dense pubes- centi, ramoso, verisimiliter 2-6 m. longo. Folia parva, tenuiter Detiolata petiolis 1-2.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 3-7 cm. longa, pinnatim 3-5-partita vel summa indivisa, foliolis submembranaceis, serratis vel valde inciso-dentatis, supra pilis articulatis subadpresse pilosis et flavido-viridibus, infra dense tomentosis et albidis; terminali lanceolato vel ovato-lanceolato, acuminate, 4-11 dentibus in unico latere ; lateralibus anguste ovatis, acutis. Capitula ramulos superiores caulemque terminantia, umbellate cymosa, radiata, pansa ad anthe- sin 1.5-2 cm. lata et 8-11 mm. alta, pedunculata pedunculis tantum 178 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI 0.5-4 cm. longis. Involucri basis dense tomentoso-hispida; bracteis exterioribus 7-10, linearibus, acutis, tomentoso-hispidis, patentibus vel reflexis, 3-4 mm. longis; interioribus lineari-lanceolatis, piloso- hispidis, quam exterioribus dimidio longioribus. Flores ligulati circ. 5, flavi, ligula ovali-lanceolati, ad apicem subacuti et integri, 1.5 cm. longi. Achaenia linearia, plana vel obcompresso-tetragona, nigra, marginibus et interdum costis mediis piloso-ciliata, corpore 7-10 mm. longa, biaristata aristis plerumque de apice fere usque ad medium retrorsum hamosis sed aliter antrorsum hamosis, 1.5-2 mm. longis. Type specimen: Raised from seed from Jamaica, about 1812, in the nursery of Messrs. Colville, King's Road, Chelsea, England; represented by the colored plate which Sydenham Edwards pre- pared from the "one living specimen" seen by Ker (Bot. Reg. 1: pi 7. 1815). Distribution: Jamaica. Specimens examined: Alexander (postea Prior appellatus, fide J. Hutchinsonii apud Herbarium Kewensem), coffee region, Blue Mts., November 28, 1850 (Kew) ; Mrs. E. G. Britton (N. Y. Bot. Card. Explor. Jamaica No.) 3824, near Clydesdale, Blue Mts., September, 21-24, 1908 (N.Y.); eadem (N. Y. Bot. Gard. Explor. Jamaica No.) 3867, near Marce's Gap, Blue Mts., October 3, 1908 (N.Y.); N. L. Britton (N. Y. Bot. Gard. Explor. Jamaica No.) 73, banks, St. Helen's Gap, vicinity of Cinchona, September 2-10, 1906 (N.Y.); William Harris 11649, alt. 1,470 meters, Cinchona, September 20, 1913 (Brit.; Field; Kew; Man.; Mo.; Par.; Phila.); idem 12327, alt. 1,500 meters, over shrubs and low trees, Cinchona, February 4, 1916 (Brit.; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.; Par.; Phila.); J. H. Hart, Jamaica (Field); William Maxon 1138, alt. 1,050 meters, dryish roadside, near Silver Hill Gap, April 15-16, 1903 (U.S.); (commun.) D. Morris, alt. 1,650 meters, Cinchona plantations, August, 1886 (Kew, 2 sheets); G. E. Nichols 137, alt. 1,500 meters, Cinchona, July 26, 1903 (Mo.); J. T. Rothrock, alt. 1,125 meters, Blue Mountains, December 12, 1890 (Penn., 4 sheets); idem 458, Jamaica, 1890-1891 (Phila.); Forrest Shreve, Cinchona, October 25, 1906 (N.Y.); Alexander Taylor 4253, trail to St. Helen's Gap, vicinity of Cinchona, April 7, 1909 (N.Y.); Wilson, Jamaica (Kew). Ker, as stated in a former article (Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 56: 494. 1913), very justly separated this species from the smooth-stemmed B. reptans (L.) G. Don. He laid too much stress, however, upon the "indented ray" of the latter species, this character varying too Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XLIV / h BIDENS SQUARROSA H.B.K. THE GENUS BIDENS 179 much to be of definite value. The external bracts were described as gibbous, but herbarium material fails to show this character to any noticeable extent. B. reptans var. tomentosa 0. E. Schulz, based on Geo. E. Nichols 137, is merely a synonym for B. incisa. In the Nichols plants, which had been found growing spontaneously, the terminal leaflets were less than "about two inches long" (the measure stated for the type specimen, raised in cultivation, of B. incisa). EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIII Bidens incisa: a, flowering branch, X0.64; b, portion of same, showing pubescence, Xl.l; c, exterior involucral bract, X3.84; d, interior involucral bract, X3.1; e, ray corolla, X2.56;/, palea, X3.84; g, disc floret, X5.1; h, i, achenes, X3.84; a-g, from Nichols 137 (cotypes of Bidens reptans var. tomentosa 0. E. Schz.) in Hb. Mo. and Hb. Field ; h, i, from J. Hart, in Hb. Field. 65. Bidens squarrosa H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 4: 187 (238). 1820. PI. XLIV and PI. XLV, figs. a-g. Bidens tereticaulis DC. Prodr. 5: 598. 1836. Coreopsis trifoliata Bertoloni, Fl. Guat. 36. 1840. Bidens antiguensis Coult. Bot. Gaz. 16: 100. 1891. Coreopsis scandens Sesse* & Moc. Fl. Mex. ed. 2. 194. 1894 (ex descript. et pro parte; cf. B. reptans var. Urbanii). Bidens tereticaulis var. sordida Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 39: 115. 1903. Bidens tereticaulis var. indivisa Robins. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 31: 270. 1904. Bidens Coreopsidis var. procumbens Bonn. Sm. Bot. Gaz. 42: 299. 1906. Bidens tereticaulis var. antiguensis (Coult.) 0. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 142. 1911. Perennis, scandens; caule fruticoso, tereti, 3.5 m. longo, ramoso; ramis teretibus, glabris vel tomentosis. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1-4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-15 cm. longa, principalia pinnatim 3-5-partita vel rarenter indivisa, summa indivisa; foliolis nunc ovatis, nunc ovato-lanceolatis, nunc lanceolatis, apice acutis acuminatisve, serratis, membranaceis, supra plerumque pilis brevibus conspersis et subtus pubescenti-hirtis, rarius glabratis vel densis- sime tomentosis, terminali petiolulato, lateralibus sessilibus vel sub- sessilibus. Capitula plerumque numerosa, terminalia, paniculata 180 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI vel racemoso-corymbosa, tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis 1-4 (-8) cm. longis nudis vel bracteolatis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.5 etiam usque ad 4 cm. lata et 6-8 (vel etiam -15) mm. alta. Involu- crum omnino hispidum vel glabratum supra; bracteis exterioribus 4-6, linearibus, apice indurato-apiculatis, 3-5 mm. longis, demum squarroso-reflexis, interiores oblongo-oblanceolatas subaequantibus. Flores ligulati 5 vel 6, flavi, ligula anguste elliptico-oblanceolati, apice integri vel minutissime denticulati et plerumque subacuti, 0.8-1.5 cm. longi. Achaenia linearia, plana vel obcompresso- quadrangularia, nigrescentia, marginibus pilis longis plerumque 2-4-adgregatis et saepe tuberculo parvo insidentibus ciliata, corpore 6-9 mm. longa, biaristata; aristis tenuibus, erectis vel divaricatis, retrorsum hamosis vel omnino nudis, 2-4 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Alexander Humboldt and Aime Bonpland at altitude of 900 meters, between Caracas and Mt. Buena vista, Venezuela, January, 1799-1803 (Par.). Distribution: From states of Tamaulipas and Jalisco, Mexico, southeastward through Central America and in South America to Peru, Bolivia, and southern Brazil; also on St. Vincent, Windward Islands. Specimens examined : Allart 69, between Cotiza and Los Venados, near Caracas, Venezuela, October, 1924 (N.Y.); idem 457, alt. 1,800- 2,000 meters, Colonia Tovar, Venezuela, December, 1924 (N.Y.jU.S.) ; Ed. Andre 103, La Guayra, Venezuela, November 25, 1875 (N.Y.); C. F. Baker 2121, Quesalguague, Dept. Leon, Nicaragua, January 17, 1903 (Calif.; Del.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mus. V.); idem 2214, Masaya, Dept. Masaya, Nicaragua, January-February, 1903 (Calif. ; Del.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mus. V.); Miguel Bang 16, alt. 3,000 meters, vicinity of La Paz, Bolivia, 1889 (Phila.) ; idem 1406, Guanai-Tipuani, Bolivia, April-June, 1892 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Del.; Field; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; Petrop.; Phila.; U.V., etc.); Berlandier 14, in woods between Tampico and Altamira, Tamaulipas, Mexico, Janu- ary 30, 1827 (Del., 2 sheets; Flor.); idem 730, Tantoyuca, Vera Cruz, Mexico, December, 1830 (Gray; Par.); idem 2148, vicinity of Tan- toyuca, Vera Cruz (Boiss.; Brit.; Del., 2 sheets; Phila.; Mus. V.); idem 2150, eodem loco, December, 1830 (Berl.; Del., 2 sheets; Gray); Bernoulli & Cario 1375, Retalhuleu, Dept. Retalhuleu, Guatemala, December, 1877 (Berl.; Kew); iidem 1519, eodem loco, January, 1876 (Berl., 2 sheets; Kew); Bilimek 203, Orizaba, Mexico, May, 1867 (Kew; Par., 2 sheets); Biolley 7028, near San Mateo, Costa Rica, January 18, 1892 (Boiss.; Gray); Birschel, near Guarenas, Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XLV BIDENS SQUARROSA H.B.K. (figs, a-g) BIDENS VINCAEFOLIA Karst. & Schz. Bip. ex Sherff (figs, h-m) of THE GENUS BIDENS 181 Venezuela, April, 1854 (Kew) ; Botteri, Mexico, 1856 (Del., 2 sheets) ; idem 443 and 444, Orizaba, Mexico, September, 1854 (Brit.; Par.); idem 489, eodem loco (Gray) ; E. Bourgeau 30, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico, September 5, 1866 (Par., 5 sheets); idem 1560, Valley of Cordoba, Vera Cruz, Mexico, December 12, 1865 (Del.; Gray; Kew; Petrop.); idem 3093, Orizaba, Mexico, October 3, 1866 (Kew; Par., 3 sheets) ; Otto Buchtien 1575, alt. 570 meters, near Mapiri, Bolivia, November, 1907 (Field) ; Salvador Calderdn 169, San Salvador, Sal- vador, 1921 (Gray) ; Cochburn, Caracas, Venezuela (Brit.) ; C. Conzatti 122, alt. 1,200 meters, mountains of Oaxaca, Mexico, September 20, 1895 (Gray) ; idem 1581, alt. 1,800 meters, Cerro San Antonio, Oaxaca, Mexico, October 28, 1906 (Field); idem 2269, alt. 2,000 meters, Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca, October 18, 1908 (Field); idem & V. Gonzalez 1133, alt. 850 meters, Cordoba, Mexico, December, 1900 (Gray); G. P. Cooper 11, alt. 1,140-1,260 meters, Las Con- cavas, near Cartago, Costa Rica (Gray); J. J. Cooper 5814 p.p., alt. 1,275 meters, Cartago, Prov. Cartago, Costa Rica, December, 1887 (Mun.); Padre Cornelio 59, Maracay, Aragua, Venezuela, 1927 (U.S.); C. C. Deam 109, alt. 48 meters, Los Amates, Izabal, Guate- mala, February 12, 1905 (Gray) ; Eggers 6612, alt. 180-360 meters, Montrose Hills, St. Vincent, West Indies, December 26, 1889 (U.V.; mihi non aliter e his insulis nota, tamen est vera B. squarrosa); C. Ehrenberg 55, Mexico (Berl.); Endres 1, alt. 1,050 meters, Costa Rica (Mus. V.); idem 45, Costa Rica (Kew); idem 133, alt. 1,200 meters, Costa Rica (Mus. V.);L. C.Ervendberg 67, Wartenberg, near Tantoyuca, Vera Cruz, Mexico, November, 1858 (Del.; Gray; Par.; Phila.); A. Fendler 41, near Tovar, Venezuela, 1854-1855 (Del., 2 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Phila.); idem 696 and 6966, Venezuela (Gray) ; H. Galeotti 2212, mountains, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico, October-December, 1840 (Par.); idem 2340, moist woods on moun- tains, eodem loco, October-November, 1840 (Del.; Par.); idem 2471, mountains, State of Oaxaca, Mexico, about 1840 (Del.; Par.); idem 2493, eodem loco (Del.; Par.); George Gaumer, Izamal, Yucatan, Mexico, 1888 (Kew, 2 sheets); idem 951, eodem loco (Berl.; Gray; Kew) ; idem et filii 23510, Xnocac, Yucatan, December, 1916 (Brit. ; floris aromaticissimis fide Gaum, et ff.); E. A. Goldman 30, near Metlaltoyuca, Puebla, Mexico, January 27, 1898 (Gray); idem 493, Apazote, Campeche, Mexico, December 28, 1900 (U.S.); W. Han- cock, Guatemala, 1882-1883 (Kew); E. T. Heyde 666, Guatemala, 1892 (U.S.); idem & Lux 4193, alt. 1,650 meters, Buena Vista, Dept. Santa Rosa, Guatemala, December, 1892 (Berl.; Field; Kew; 182 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Mo.); C. Hoffmann 383, Valley of Rio Legardo, Costa Rica (Gray, type of Bidens tereticaulis var. sordida Greenm.); E. W. D. Holway 4, alt. 1,500 meters, Guatemala City, Guatemala, December 31, 1914 (Gray) ; idem 110, alt. about 1,500 meters, Solola, Guatemala, January 25, 1915 (Gray); idem 3667, State of Oaxaca, Mexico, October 18, 1899 (Gray); Humboldt & Bonpland, Caracas, Vene- zuela (Par., type); Harry Johnson 920, alt. 1,350 meters, Samac, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, October 20, 1920 (U.S. ; forma glabra foliis sim- plicibus, floribus e lectore suaveolentibus) ; idem 921, alt. 1,200 meters, Samac, October 20, 1920 (U.S.; forma tomentosa foliis simplicibus, elongatis, lanceolato-oblongis) ; C. Jurgensen 781, Mexico, 1843-1844 (Del.; Kew, 2 sheets); W. A. Kellerman 5341, El Rancho, Sierra de Las Minas, Dept. Baja Verapaz, Guatemala, January 6, 1906 (Field) ; idem 5351, alt. 1,205 meters, Moran, Dept. Amatitlan, Guatemala, February 11, 1905 (Field); idem 6118, Volcan de Acatenango, Dept. Chimaltenango, Guatemala, February 8, 1907 (Field) ; idem 8035, alt. 1,050 meters, El Rancho, Guatemala, January, 1908 (N.Y.); E. P. Killip & T. E. Hazen 2527, alt. 2,500- 3,100 meters, forest, Old Quindio Trail, "La Ceja" to "Agua Bonita," Dept. Tolima, Colombia, August 2, 1922 (N. Y. ; forma valde tomen- tosa); iidem 9527, eodem loco et tempore (U.S.); E. P. Killip & A. C. Smith 16896, alt. 2,800 meters, vicinity of California, Dept. Santander, Colombia, January 11-27, 1927 (U.S.); iidem 23769, thickets at about 700 meters alt., La Merced, Dept. Junin, Peru, May 29-June 4, 1929 (Field); iidem 25348, alt. 700 meters, dense forest, Rio Paucartambo Valley, Dept. Junin, June 19, 1929 (Field) ;E. Langlasse 689 p.p., alt. 300 meters, Michoacan and Guerrero, Mexico, December 2, 1898 (Berl.; Gray; forma foliis 5-partitis et B. reptanti adpropinquans) ; Lehmann 8723, alt. 1,000-1,500 meters, Altamira and Suaza above Tolima, Colombia, December (Field; forma); P. Levy 306, alt. 40 meters, forests about Granada, Nicaragua, December, 1869 (Cop., 2 sheets; Par.); Liebmann 621, Colipa, Vera Cruz, Mexico, 1841-1843 (Cop., 2 sheets) ; idem 622, Gualulu, Mexico, 1841-1843 (Cop., 2 sheets; Kew); idem 623, Ejutla, Oaxaca, Mexico, October, 1842 (Cop.); idem 628, Mirador, Vera Cruz, Mexico, 1841-1843 (Cop., 2 sheets; Par.); idem 629, eodem loco, October, 1841 (Cop., 2 sheets) ; Lansberg, Venezuela (Berl.); J. Linden 1172, Mirador, Vera Cruz, November, 1838 (Flor. ; Kew) ; C. L. Lundell 136, Honey Camp, Orange Walk, British Honduras, 1928 (Gray); J. F. Macbride 3814, sunny thickets, about 1,800 meters, Yanano, Peru, May 13-16, 1923 (Field); Maxon & Hay 3162, alt. about 550 Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XLVI BIDENS RUBIFOLIA H.B.K. Of THE GENUS BIDENS 183 meters, bank, vicinity of Secanquim, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Guate- mala, January 4, 1905 (U.S.); Moritz 57, Caracas, Venezuela, January, 1843 (Berl.; Brit., 2 sheets); E. W. Nelson 1508, alt. 1,560- 2,040 meters, Valley of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico, October 2, 1894 (U.S.); 'idem 1824, alt. 1,350-1,650 meters, 6 miles above Domin- guillo, Oaxaca, October 30, 1894 (Gray); idem 3410, near Yajalon, Chiapas, Mexico, November 21, 1895 (Gray); Gustavo Niederlein, alt. 2,100 meters, Quezaltepec (Volcan de San Salvador), Salvador, January 9, 1898 (Berl., 2 sheets); Oersted 150, Costa Rica, 1851 (Kew); idem 182, Segovia, Nicaragua, 1851 (Kew); C. R. Orcutt 3031, Sanborn, Vera Cruz, Mexico, March-April, 1910 (Field; Mo.); Otto 515, Colombia (Kew) ; Edward Palmer 122, alt. about 15 meters, vicinity of Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico, January, 1910 (Brit.; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.); idem 713, Chapala, Jalisco, Mexico, October- November, 1886 (Boiss.; Brit.; Gray; Mo.; Par.; Phila.); idem 1116, San Luis Potosi to Tampico, Mexico, December, 1878-February, 1879 (Field; Kew; Phila., 2 sheets); C. C. Parry & E. Palmer (simi- liter) 1116, alt. 1,800-2,400 meters, Mexico, 1878 (Gray); Emilio Pittier 112, forest, mountains near Galipan, Federal District, Vene- zuela, October 25, 1921 (N.Y.; U.S.); H. Pittier 1838, alt. 600 meters, hedges about Copan, Honduras, January 9, 1907 (Field); idem 5912, alt. 1,100-1,700 meters, between Caracas and La Guayra, Federal Distr., Venezuela, February 28, 1913 (Berl.); idem 8243, alt. 800-1,200 meters, Lower Cotiza, near Caracas, Venezuela, October 26, 1918 (U.S.); idem 11250, alt. 1,400 meters, in bushes on hills above Los Teques, Miranda, Colombia, November 18, 1923 (Del.); C. G. Pringle 3373, extensively trailing over dry ledges, shrubs, etc., Tamasopo Canyon, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, November 28, 1890 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Cam.; Del., 2 sheets; Field; Kew; Man.; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; Par.; Phila.; U.V., etc.); C. A. Purpus 3633, Zacua- pan, Vera Cruz, Mexico, October, 1909 (forma foliis plerumque 5- partitis; Berl.; Brit.; Calif.; Del., 2 sheets; Field; Mo.; Par.); J. N. Rovirosa 70, vicinity of San Juan Bautista, Tabasco, Mexico, 1888 (Phila.); idem 688, in thickets between San Juan Bautista and Atasta, Tabasco, about 1890 (N.Y.; Phila.); H. H. Rusby 1642, alt. 600 meters, Guanai, Bolivia, May, 1886 (Boiss.; Brit., 2 sheets; Field; Kew; Mus. V.; Phila.); A. de St. Hilaire 1198, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1816-1821 (Par., 2 sheets) ; Salle 443, Orizaba, Mexico, September, 1854 (Berl.; Kew); idem 444, eodem loco (Berl.); Salvin & Godman 294, Dulmas, Guatemala, 1861 (Kew); Carl Sartorius, Mirador, Vera Cruz, Mexico (Par.);L. Schlim 255, alt. 1,050 meters, 184 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Prov. Ocana, Colombia, October (1846-1852; Brit.; Del.; Par.); A. Schott 145, Mgrida, Yucatan, Mexico, December, 1864 (Brit.); Seemann, Panama (Brit.); (Sello 590 and 4548, once put here, are at least partly B. segetum;} Sinclair, Ecuador (Kew) ; C. L. Smith 298 and 633, alt. 1,650-1,800 meters, Monte Alban, near Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico, October, 1894 (N.Y.); idem 587, Coatzacoalcos, Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Vera Cruz, Mexico, February 6, 1895 (Gray; Mo., 2 sheets) ; H. H. Smith 519, alt. 600 meters, Jiracasaca, Santa Marta, Colombia, October, 1898-1901 (Berl.; Brit.; Cam.; Del.; Field; Man.; Mo.; N.Y.; Par.; Phila.); J. D. Smith 2354, alt. 1,500 meters, Antigua, Dept. Zacatepe"quez, Guatemala, April, 1890 (first and second type sheets of Bidens antiguensis Coult., Field; cotypes, Berl.; Kew; Mun.);L. C. Smith, alt. 1,800 meters, Rancho de Cal- deron, Oaxaca, Mexico, September 10, 1894 (Gray) ; P. C. Standley 19096, alt. 650-850 meters, vicinity of San Salvador, Salvador, December 20, 1921-January 4, 1922 (Gray); idem 20220, alt. 800- 1,000 meters, vicinity of Ahuachapan, Dept. Ahuachapan, Sal- vador, January 9-27, 1922 (Gray); idem 21844, vicinity of Izalco, Dept. Sonsonate, Salvador, March 19-24, 1922 (Gray) ; idem 22603, dry slope along road from San Martin to Laguna de Ilopango, Dept. San Salvador, Salvador, April 1, 1922 (Gray) ; H. Sydow 1, Grecia, Costa Rica, January 17, 1925 (Field) ; idem 39, coffee plan- tation near San Jose", Costa Rica, January, 1925 (Field); R. Tate 172, 173, and 288, Nicaragua, 1867-1868 (Brit.); Ad. Tonduz 7058, alt. 1,100 meters, vicinity of San Francisco de Guadalupe, Prov. San Jose", Costa Rica, January, 1896 (Berl.; Boiss.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.); idem 7248, eodem loco, January 4, 1893 (Del.; Boiss.; Gray); idem 7265, banks of the Rio Maria Aguilar near San Jose", Costa Rica, December 29, 1892 (Boiss.; Gray; Par.); idem 9850, environs of San Pedro del Mojon, Costa Rica, January, 1896 (Berl.; Brit.; Mun.); 1 idem 13600, thickets, Nicoya, Costa Rica, January, 1900 (Berl.; Brit.; Boiss.; Gray; Kew, 2 sheets) ;L. V. Velasco 8873, San Salvador, Salvador, December, 1905 (U.S.); Von Christmar, Campeche, Mexico (Berl.); H. Von Tuerckheim 297, in bushes, vicinity of Coban, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, December, 1879 (Mus. V., 2 sheets; U.V., 3 sheets); idem (similiter) 297, alt. 1,290 meters, eodem loco, May, 1886 (forma foliis pro maxima parte simplicibus; Berl.; Del.; Kew; N.Y.; Par., ubi foliis 1 Tonduz 12284 (alt. 1,800 meters, forests, Mala Via au Copey, Costa Rica, April, 1898; Gray) was cited by Greenman for his B. tereticaulis var. sordida. It is an uncertain form between B. segetum var. patula, which Dr. Scherzer collected at San Jos6, and this species. THE GENUS BIDENS . 185 tripartita; Phila.); idem II. 1475, alt. 1,350 meters, eodem loco, November, 1906 (Brit.; Field); idem 7900, on rocks, alt. 350 meters, Cubilquitz, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, January, 1901 (Berl.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.); Wawra 545, Vera Cruz, Mexico (forma B. reptanti var. Urbanii valde adpropinquans; Berl.; Mus. V.); idem 669, eodem loco (Berl.; Mus. V.); A. Weberbauer 840, alt. 2,400 meters, between Sandia and Cuyocuyo, Peru, April 27, 1902 (Berl.); idem 6583, 1,900-2,000 meters, Mantaro River at Huachicna, Prov. Huancayo, Peru, April 6, 1913 (Berl., 2 sheets); C. Werckle 63, Costa Rica (Berl.); R. S. Williams 160, alt. 1,440 meters, Apolo, Bolivia, April 15, 1902 (Brit.; Field). DeCandolle, in describing his Bidens tereticaulis (loc. cit.), stated that it differed from B. squarrosa in having glabrate leaves, all of which were trisected, in having heads smaller, and in coming from a different region ("Differt .... a B. squarrosa foliis glabrius- culis . . . capitulo minore, foliis etiam superis trisectis et patria"). But he had not seen the type material of B. squarrosa, as is evidenced by his failure to use the abbreviation "v.s." in con- nection with its description (op. cit. 599). At Paris is still preserved Kunth's type of B. squarrosa. Upon the label are the words "Bidens squarrosa mihi . . . Caracas." This is positively the specimen which Kunth had at hand in drawing up his description. In a former paper (Bot. Gaz. 64: 36, pi 9. 1917) I have discussed the plant and presented a plate drawn directly from it, with an attempt at the utmost fidelity to all details. It consists of a branchlet coming from a portion of a stem. The leaves of the branchlet are simple, as described by Kunth. One well preserved leaf, still attached, 1 and certain similar but more fragmentary leaves, some of them broken loose, remain with the stem proper. These leaves are very important, as they establish definitely and beyond all question the identity of B. squarrosa with pubescent forms of B. tereticaulis DC., and not with B. reptans (L.) G. Don (with which it is equated by 0. E. Schulz, op. cit. 140). The presence of pubescence in this species is not of specific importance, a fact recognized by Greenman (loc. cit.) and by Schulz (op. cit. 142) when they treated very tomentose specimens as mere varieties of B. tereticaulis. Nor is the presence of several or even 1 At least when I examined it in 1914, as may be seen from a photograph taken by myself at that time and now deposited, with many hundreds of others of the genus Bidens, in the herbarium of Meld Museum. The specimen was very brittle and certain parts were observed to crack even during my cautious handling of it. 186 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI many undivided leaves of decisive value, a fact recognized by Robinson (loc. cit.) in treating as merely a variety of B. tereticaulis a specimen with all its leaves simple. That Coulter (loc. cit.) treated his B. antiguensis (cf. Sherff, op. cit., pi. 10} as a distinct species is easily explained by the fact that the strong superficial resemblance of his first type specimen's foliage to that of certain hispid forms of B. pilosa var. radiata (B. leucantha [L.] Willd.) led him to contrast it with that plant, from which he very properly regarded it as distinct. It is interesting to observe that Coulter also noted the remarkable variation in pubescence ("exceedingly variable in pubescence, from glabrous to pilose-pubescent"). The plant described by Coulter has the achenial awns glabrous. This character, which, however, is inconstant in some cases, is noticeable in nearly all the specimens of B. squarrosa from Central America (in South America and Mexico the awns are almost always barbed). The tendency to have smooth awns is apparently the only means by which a separation of the Central American forms from the species proper might be undertaken. 1 In view of the wide range of variation in leaves, flowering heads, and inflorescence, it seems unwise at the present time to select one or two forms (e.g., vars. antiguensis and sordida) and recognize for them a varietal rank. Bidens Coreopsidis DC. var. procumbens Bonn. Sm. is a form of this species. Its leaves are mainly 5-parted and the leaflets are slightly narrower than in most specimens. It approaches rather closely B. reptans (L.) G. Don var. bipartita 0. E. Schulz, described from Puerto Rico. In fact, an occasional specimen from Central America or Mexico simulates so strongly the Puerto Rico material that the two practically pass into each other, making distinctions difficult except upon a purely geographic basis. Yet the general aspect of Bidens reptans (the species proper) is usually so distinct that botanists almost uniformly have retained B. squarrosa (B. tereticaulis) as of separate specific rank. With the usually very distinct B. segetum and its var. patula of South America, B. squarrosa is connected by three specimens from Costa Rica and apparently by a few doubtful forms from South America. One Costa Rica plant, Scherzer 853, alt. 2,730 meters, San Jose", September-November (Mus. V.) is closer to B. segetum 1 Like B. reptans and other members of the Section Greenmania, B. squarrosa often has different parts of one plant growing under widely diverse conditions of light and atmosphere because of the climbing habit and the great length of the stems and branches. Thus two specimens of strikingly different aspect may be gathered from the same plant. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XLVII BIDENS SIMPLICIFOLIA C. H. Wright THE GENUS BIDENS 187 (var. patula) in technical characters. The somewhat similar type of B. tereticaulis var. sordida Greenman, also collected in Costa Rica, appears closer, however, to B. squarrosa, to which it apparently must be referred. Tonduz 12284, a supplementary specimen cited by Greenman for his B. tereticaulis var. sordida, is a more uncertain form, apparently almost as justly referable to B. segetum as to B. squarrosa. Just what the exact significance of these more or less intermediate forms is, I am unable to judge satisfactorily. In any case it seems entirely without warrant to merge the two species into one. Coreopsis trifoliata Bertoloni is represented, according to Dr. S. F. Blake (in lit., January 5, 1926; cf. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 53: 217. 1926), by merely a small fragment about 1 dm. long (Hb. Bertol. now in Bol . ) . It was collected by Velasquez, Vulcano d' Acqua ( Volcan de Agua). Dr. Blake concludes from his own careful study of the type fragment that it is a form of B. squarrosa. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIV Bidens squarrosa: a, fruiting branch, X0.57; 6, c, portions of branches drawn to show pubescence, X0.57; d, e, exterior involucral bracts, X 3.45; /, g, interior involucral bracts, X3.45; h, i, ray corollas, X3.45; j, palea, X3.45; k, I, disc florets, X3.45; m, anthers, X 28.75; n, pollen grain, X805; o, upper portion of pistil, X 17.25; p, achene, X4.31; all from J. D. Smith 2354 (two type sheets of Bidens antiguensis Coult.), in Hb. Field. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLV, FIGS, a-g Bidens squarrosa: a, flowering branch, X0.73; b, exterior involucral bract, X3.66; c, interior involucral bract, X3.66; d, ray corolla, X2.92; e, palea, X3.66; /, disc floret, X2.92; g, achene, X2.92; all from Berlandier 2150 (cotype of Bidens tereticaulis DC.), in Hb. Gray, except d and radiate heads of a, which are amplified accord- ing to better preserved heads of Pringle 3373, in Hb. Field. 66. Bidens Rubifolia H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 186 (237), pi. 381. 1820. PI. XLVI. Bidens floribunda H.B.K. op. cit. 187 (238). Kerneria Rubifolia (H.B.K.) Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 24: 399. 1822. Bidens rugulosa Turcz. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 24: (I) 184. 1851. Bidens Rubifolia var. floribunda (H.B.K.) 0. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 142. 1911. Perennis, scandens, 4 m. alta; caule fruticoso; ramis tetra- gonis vel subteretibus, glabris. Folia tenuiter petiolata, petiolis 1-5 188 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-16 cm. longa, pinnatim 3-5-partita vel summa indivisa; foliolis subcoriaceis et saepe rugosis vel raro mem- branaceis, serratis, plerumque glabris, margine interdum revolutis, supra nitidis et satiate viridibus, subtus pallidioribus; lateralibus subsessilibus, ovatis vel ovato-lanceolatis, acutis vel obtusis, 1.5-6 cm. longis; intermedio petiolulato, ovato-oblongo vel lanceolate, apice anguste acuminate vel etiam obtuso, 4-12 cm. longo, plerumque 8-14 dentibus in unico latere. Capitula corymbosa, radiata, pedun- culata pedunculis 1-4 (vel interdum etiam 12) cm. longis. Involu- crum basi plerumque hispidum; bracteis exterioribus circ. 8-10, linearibus, nunc hispido-ciliatis et in tergo hispidis, nunc fere omnino glabris, 3-6 mm. longis, plerumque patentibus vel reflexis, quam interioribus nunc vix longioribus nunc dimidio brevioribus. Flores ligulati saepius 5, flavi, ligula oblongi, obsolete tridentati, 1.2-1.6 cm. longi. Achaenia paleas multo superantia, linearia, plana vel obcompresso-quadrangularia, paucisulcata, scabriuscula, margini- bus hispida, fusco-nigra vel nigrescentia, corpore 0.9-2.1 cm. longa, interiora superne attenuata, biaristata vel rarissime subtriaristata, aristis erectis vel patentibus vel reflexis, retrorsum hamosis, 3.5-5.5 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Alexander Humboldt and Aime Bonpland at Quito, Ecuador, 1799-1803 l (Par.). Distribution: In the region of the Andes, Venezuela to Peru. Specimens examined: Bro. Ariste- Joseph, Paramo de Usme, Colombia, 1922 (U.S.); Miguel Bang 2031, Bolivia (Kew; N.Y.; forma); Justin Goudot, Bogota, Colombia (Del.); idem, eodem loco, November, 1844 (Par. ; Webb) ; /. F. Holton 265, eodem loco, October 28, 1852 (Boiss.; Del.; Kew; N.Y.); Humboldt & Bonpland, Quito, Ecuador (Par., type and duplicate, 2 sheets) ; iidem, alt. 2,700 meters, at foot of Mt. Javirac near Quito, February (Par. ; type of Bidens floribunda H.B.K., the simple-leaved state); Jameson 497, near Pasto, Colombia (type material of Bidens rugulosa Turcz.; Boiss.; Brit.; Del.; Petrop.; Webb); H. Karsten, Bogota, Colombia (Mus. V.); idem, Chiquinquira near Bogota, Colombia (Mus. V., sub nom. Bidente spirali Schz. Bip.); E. P. Killip & Bro. Ariste-Joseph 11922, alt. 3,700 meters, Paramo de Choachi, near Bogota, Colombia, August 8, 1922 (U.S.); E. P. Killip & A. C. Smith 17204, alt. 3,000- 3,600 meters, in woods, western slope of Paramo Rico, Dept. San- tander, Colombia, January 15-19, 1927 (U.S.; planta juvenili); 1 The type sheet bears no citation of locality but the Bonpland duplicate at Paris gives Quito. This had not been seen by Kunth, hence his query, "Crescit in Regno Quitensi?" Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI. Plate XLVIII BIDENS UROPHYLLA Sherff Of THE GENUS BIDENS 189 iidem 18779, alt. about 3,200 meters, dense forest, Quebrada de Pais, north of La Baja, Dept. Santander, January 31, 1927 (U.S.); W. Lechler 2127, Tabina, Peru (Kew); F. C. Lehmann 4703, alt. 2,800- 3,000 meters, west slopes near Paramo of Guanacas, Prov. Popayan, Colombia, March (Berl.; Kew; Petrop.); idem 5965, alt. 2,500-2,800 meters, in dense forests on the Alto de Pesares above Popayan, Colombia, March (Berl. ; Kew) ; J. J. Linden 487 p.p., alt. 1,200-4,350 meters, high Andes, Truxillo and MeYida, Venezuela, 1842 (Del.; per hanc formam magna anomalaque specimina num. 53 Mandonii q.v. Bidenti Rubifoliae conjuncta sunt); idem (similiter) 487, Caracas, Venezuela, April, etc., 1842 (Boiss.; Brit.; Kew; Mus. V.); J. F. Macbride 3468, alt. about 2,550 meters, Cani, Peru, April 16-26, 1923 (Field); G. Mandon 53, alt. 3,000 meters, in woods (nemoribus), between Motoato and Alto de Soque, Bolivia, June 1, 1860 (Del.; Kew; Mus. V., etc.; vide Lindenii 487 ex MeYida, etc.); Mutis 26, Colombia (Linn.); F. W. Pennell 8858, alt. 2,100-2,500 meters, edge of forest above Salento, Dept. Caldas, Colombia, July 25-31, 1922 (U.S.); H. Pittier 1432, alt. 2,550 meters, below Pitaio, Rio Palo Basin, Tierra Adentro, Dept. Cauca, Colombia, February, 1906 (Field; U.S.); Rivet 924 and 2220, Soja, equatorial South America, April, 1905 (Par. ; atypica) ; (L. Schlim 255, formerly referred at Kew to this species, is seen, at least in some herbaria, to be B. squarrosa;) A. Stubel lOla, vicinity of Bogota, Colombia, April-May, 1868 (Berl.); J.J. Triana 1367, alt. 2,700 meters, Colombia (Berl.; Par.); idem 1368, alt. 2,700 meters, Prov. Bogota, Colombia, 1851-1857 (Brit.; Par.); idem 1369 p.p., Colombia (Berl.). The foliage is at times 3-partite as in the type material, or again it is mostly 5-partite, as in my plate. The leaves are typically sub- coriaceous and strongly rugose, characters failing to show in the plate, but in herbarium specimens usually very distinctive. The specimens cited by Turczaninow for his Bidens rugulosa (Jameson 497) are mutually rather dissimilar in foliage, varying from typical or nearly so to a form with lanceolate leaflets, these hardly rugose but more closely and finely serrate, a terminal leaflet having as many as 46 teeth on each side. Of the latter form an extreme, such as Turczaninow must have had for his description, is in Kew, on the same sheet with two other specimens more nearly typical for B. Rubifolia. It suggests B. segetum Mart, very strongly. In fact, J. G. Baker (in Mart. Fl. Bras. 6, pt. 3: 245. 1884), doubtless influenced by this material at Kew, synonymized the name B. speciosa Gardn. (=B. segetum) with B. Rubifolia H.B.K. We may note also that 190 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI some forms of B. segetum var. patula (Gardn.) Sherff approach in foliar rugosity very closely to B. Rubifolia; e.g., Goudot 1. Seemann 686, from Ecuador, has foliage typical for B. squarrosa H.B.K., but in the characters of the inflorescence is like B. Rubifolia and B. segetum. Lehmann 4703 has the rugose leaves of B. Rubi- folia but small flowering heads as in B. squarrosa. Through these and certain other specimens much confusion has arisen in literature, but it appears that the maintenance of B. squarrosa and B. Rubifolia as distinct species is more in harmony with the Linnean species concept. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVI Bidens Rubifolia: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.58; b, tripartite leaf, X0.58; c, exterior involucral bract, X2.91; d, interior involucral bract, X2.91; e, ray floret, X2.91;/, palea, X2.91; g, disc floret, X2.91; h, achene, X2.32; all from Lehmann 4703, in Hb. Kew. 67. Bidens simplicifolia C. H. Wright, Kew Bull. 1906: 5. 1906. PL XLVII. Frutex scandens, 3 m. altus; ramis teretibus, striatis, glabris. Folia petiolata petiolis 1-4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 0.8-2 dm. longa et 4-7 cm. lata, indivisa; lamina nunc valde ovata nunc oblongo-ovata, apice acuminata basi primum rotundata deinde ad petiolum decurrente, margine (non alte) serrata atque eciliata, facie- bus glaberrima. Capitula corymbosa, subtenuiter pedicellata pedi- cellis glabris usque ad 1 dm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 4 cm. lata et circ. 1.4-1.6 cm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores numerosae (plerumque 12-14) ac perspicuae, demum patentes vel subreflexae, spathulato-obovatae vel -oblanceolatae, tergo glabrae, margine sparsim ciliatae, saepius 3-nervatae, apice rotundatae vel obtusissimae, 6-9 mm. longae et 1.5-2.6 mm. latae; interiores lanceolato-oblongae, brunneae, anguste hyalino-marginatae, subtiles, apicaliter pubescentes, paulo longiores. Flores ligulati 6-8, flavi, ligula late oblongo-oblanceolati, apice subintegri, circ. 1.5-1.8 cm. longi. Paleae lineares, pro capitulo submaturo 1-1.4 cm. longae. Achaenia linearia lateribus plus minusve parallela, valde obcompressa, atra, utraque facie circ. 8-sulcata et glabra vel sub apice spar- sim erecto-setosa, marginibus densissime suberecto-ciliata, corpore submatura 8-14 mm. longa et circ. 0.5-0.7 mm. lata, apice perspicue biaristata aristis tenuibus, stramineis, supra retrorsum hamosis basi saepe antrorsum hamosis, moderate patentibus, 5-6 mm. longis. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XLIX BIDENS SEGETUM Mart. THE GENUS BIDENS 191 Type specimen: Collected by Heinrich Franz Alexander Eggers, No. 15725, in dry, bushy places, Agua Amarga at El Recreo, Ecuador, April 10, 1897 (Kew). Distribution: Known only from type locality in Ecuador. Specimens examined: Eggers 15725 (type, Kew: cotypes, Berl.; Field; Mun.). In 1915 (Bot. Gaz. 59: 309) this species was referred by me to Bid ens floribunda H.B.K. Subsequent study of additional material has shown, however, that B. floribunda is merely a simple-leaved state of B. Rubifolia H.B.K., whereas B. simplicifolia is apparently distinct. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVII Bidens simplicifolia: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.52; b, exterior involucral bract, Xl.56; c, interior involucral bract, X2.1; d, ray corolla, X3.1; e, palea, Xl.56; /, disc floret, X2.5; g, anthers, X8.2; h, upper portion of pistil, X7.47; i, achene, X2.08; chiefly from cotype in Hb. Field, but partly from cotype in Hb. Berl. and partly from type in Hb. Kew. 68. Bidens Vincaefolia Karst. & Schz. Bip. ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 59: 303. 1915. PL XLV, figs. h-m. Herba perennis, verisimiliter volubilis; caule angulato vel tetra- gono, ramoso; ramis glabris vel subglabris, tetragonis, striatis. Folia petiolata petiolis ciliatis 1-1.8 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 2-3.5 cm. longa, tripartita vel raro indivisa, subcoriacea vel membranacea, subtus pallidiora et ad venas minute pubescentia, marginibus integris vel rarius serratis et in specimine sicco subrevolutis; foliolo terminali lanceolato, 1-2 cm. longo; lateralibus oblanceolatis vel obovatis, 0.6-1.3 cm. longis. Capitula pedunculata, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 1 cm. lata et 5-6 mm. alta. Involucrum basi hispidum, bracteis subaequalibus; exterioribus circ. 5, linearibus, plus minusve pubes- centibus, nigro-striatis, 3-4 mm. longis; interioribus lanceolatis, subglabris. Flores ligulati circ. 6 vel 7, flavi, nonnullis lineis nigro- striati, ligula elliptico-oblanceolati, 5-8 mm. longi. Achaenia linearia, plana, atro-fusca, corpore circ. 1 cm. longa, biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis, 1-2.5 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Hermann Karsten at Bogota, Colombia (Par.). Distribution: Known only from type locality of Bogota, Colombia. Specimens examined: Karsten (type, Par.: cotype, Mus. V.). 192 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI This species appears unique, being distinct in general aspect from any other species known to me. The type sheet, originally in Schultz Bipontinus' own herbarium, bears several small specimens. These are remarkably uniform and are allied most closely with Bidens Rubifolia H.B.K., the leaves of which are much less diminu- tive. While true B. Rubifolia grows at Bogota (e.g., /. F. Holton 365, October 28, 1852), Karsten and Schultz Bipontinus evidently regarded the Karsten plant as specifically distinct. This course I also must adopt, as I am unable to connect the two forms in herbaria by any intermediate ones. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLV, FIGS, h-m Bidens Vincaefolia: h, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.73; i, exterior involucral bract, X3.66;;, interior involucral bract, X3.66; k, ray corolla, X2.92; I, palea, X3.66; m, disc floret, X2.92; all from type. 69. Bidens Gentry! Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 97: 608. 1936. Herba perennis, gracillima, circ. 1 m. alta; caulibus paucibus ex unica radice, parce rectis sed non certe volubilibus, subteretibus, sulculatis, glabris, tantum circ. 1-1.3 mm. crassis. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus glabris plerumque 1-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto principalia 1-1.3 dm. longa, bipinnata vel tripinnatisecta; foliolis lateralibus primariis (imis tenuiter petiolulatis) 2 vel 3 jugis, membranaceissimis, glabratis vel margine sparsim setuloso-ciliatis, segmentis plus minusve lineari-oblongis vel ovato-lanceolatis termi- nali anguste attenuate; folioli terminalis segmento terminali angustis- sime lineari-acuminato usque ad 5.5 cm. longo. Capitula corymbose disposita (3 vel 4 ad caulis finem), pedunculata pedunculo tenui glabro 7 cm. longo, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 3.8-4.3 cm. lata et 1.2 cm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 8, patentes vel subreflexae, lineares, apice acutae, glabratae, circ. 9-12 mm. longae; interiores oblongo-lanceolatae, non nisi apice pubescentes, breviores. Flores ligulati 7-9, flavi, ligula elliptico-oblanceolati, apice saepe 2- vel 3-denticulati, 2 cm. longi. Paleae superne sen- sim angustatae, apice obtusae, sub 1 cm. longae. Achaenia sub- matura linearia, subtetragono-obcompressa, brunneo-atra; corpore glaberrimo vel apicem versus sparsissime erecto-setuloso, sub 1 cm. longo et sub 1 mm. crasso, omnibus (4) faciebus 2-sulculatis; aristis abortivis vel 2, tenuibus, sub 3 mm. longis, suberectis, retrorsum hamosis hamis paucis albidis acerrimis. Type specimen: Collected by Howard Scott Gentry, No. 1700, growing a meter high, stalks several from the base, pine slope in Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate L BIDENS SEGETUM Mart. Of THE GENUS BIDENS 193 Upper Sonoran region, Final, Sierra Charuco, State of Sonora, Mexico, September 9, 1935 (Field). Distribution: Southern Sonora and western Chihuahua, Mexico. Specimens examined: Gentry 1700 (type, Field); idem 2847, a colony on sunny slope, in transition, pine-oaks, San Jos de Final, Rio Mayo, Chihuahua, September 22, 1936 (Field). Apparently intermediate between Bidens reptans var. Urbanii and B. urophylla, although not known definitely as yet to have a climbing habit. From the former it differs in its larger capitula, longer exterior involucral bracts, eciliate achenes, etc. From the latter it can be told at once by its more compound leaves, larger and more numerous ligulate florets, etc. 70. Bidens urophylla Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 81: 32. 1926. PI. XLVIII. Herba glabra, verisimiliter perennis scandensque, forsitan 1-3 m. alta vel longa; ramis aegre angulatis vel teretibus. Folia peti- olata petiolis tenuibus 2.5-4.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 8-14 cm. longa, pinnatim 3-5-partita, foliolis anguste lanceolatis, mem- branaceis, usque ad 1.6 cm. latis, valde et perspicue (prominentibus anguste linearibus cauda 1-3.5 cm. longa) caudato-acuminatis, pauciserratis unico latere 2-6 mucronatis dentibus munito, margine eciliatis. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin 3 cm. lata et 0.9-1.4 cm. alta, pro maxima parte verisimiliter corymboso-paniculata. Involucri bracteae exteriores 6-8, anguste lineares, subglabrae, crassiusculae, apice subacutae, 5-8 mm. longae; interiores latiores et paulo longiores. Flores ligulati 5 vel 6, sicci albo-flavidi, ligula oblongo-elliptici, apice denticulati, 1.5 cm. longi. Achaenia matura non visa; submatura fusco-nigra, linearia, plana vel subtetragona, corpore 9-12 mm. longa et circ. 1 mm. lata, omnino etiam ad mar- gines glabra vel ad summam sparsissime setulosa, biaristata aristis supra retrorsum infra antrorsum hamosis, tantum circ. 1 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Karl Friedrich Philipp Von Martins, in thickets ("sepibus") at the margins of forests near Mariana, State of Minas Geraes, Brazil, April, 1817-1820 (Mun.). Distribution: Known only from vicinity of Mariana, State of Minas Geraes, Brazil. Specimens examined: Martins, near Mariana (type, Mun.). The type had been labeled Bidens Rubifolia H.B.K., probably by J. G. Baker. Indeed, from its general habit, the species does appear to be without doubt a close relative of such species as B. Rubifolia 194 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI H.B.K., B. squarrosa H.B.K., B. segetum Mart., B. reptans (L.) G. Don, B. Holwayi Sherff, and B. Shrevei Britt., all of them perennial climbers. From these it differs decidedly in its remarkably caudate- tipped leaflets and in its achenes, which are almost entirely glabrous, even on the margins, and have only short aristae. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVIII Bid ens urophylla: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.62; b, exterior involucral bract, X4.94; c, interior involucral bract, X 4.94; d, ray corolla, X4.94; e, palea, X4.94;/, disc floret, X4.94; g, achene, X4.94; all from type. 71. Bidens segetum Mart, ex Colla, Herb. Pedem. 3: 307. 1834. PI. XLIX and PI. L. Coreopsis brasiliensis Colla, Herb. Pedem. 3: 479. 1834. Bidens speciosa Gardn. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 126. 1845. Bidens multiserrata Schz. Bip. Linnaea 30: 181. 1859-1860. Bidens silvatica Schz. Bip. ex Baker in Mart. Fl. Brazil. 6, pt. 3: 245. 1884. Bidens Rubifolia H.B.K. var. silvatica Baker, loc. cit. Bidens pallida Rusby, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 389. 1907; cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 81: 53 and pi. 4- 1926. Bidens speciosa var. silvatica (Schz. Bip. ex Baker) 0. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 142. 1911. Folia omnia simplicia ovato-lanceolata usque ad 5.5 cm. lata. var. ft. patula. Folia plerumque 3- vel etiam 5-partita; raro simplicia laminis mode- rate angusteve lanceolatis B. segetum sensu stricto. Perennis, scandens, 9 m. alta (vel longa) ; caule fruticoso, tereti ; ramulis plus minusve teretibus, glabris vel pubescenti-tomentosis. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1.5-4.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 0.6- 1.5 cm. longa, plerumque tripartita sed interdum multa indivisa (var. silvatica [Schz. Bip. ex Bak.] 0. E. Schulz) vel raro pauca 5-partita; foliolis anguste lanceolatis vel raro ovato-lanceolatis, acuminatis, minute et acute serratis, crassiusculis vel submembranaceis, supra gla- briusculis vel hispidulis, subtus plus minusve pubescentibus vel etiam glaberrimis, lateralibus sessilibus et basi valde inaequilateralibus vel (pro foliis 5-partitis) infimis petiolulatis et basi aequilateralibus, terminali petiolulato, plerumque 20-45 dentibus in unico latere serrulato, circ. 1.2-2.5 vel rariter usque ad 3.3 cm. lato. Capitula Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LI c b J I BIDENS SEGETUM var. PATULA (Gardn.) Sherff OF THL DIVERSITY OF HUMS THE GENUS BIDENS 195 paniculata, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 3-5 cm. lata et 9-12 mm. alta, pedunculata pedunculis 1-5 cm. longis. Involucrum hispidum; bracteis exterioribus circ. 8, late lineari-spathulatis, ciliatis, apice acutis vel subacutis, reflexo-squarrosis, 5-7 mm. longis, plerumque quam interioribus lanceolatis paulo brevioribus. Flores ligulati 5 vel interdum 6, flavi, ligula elliptico-oblanceolati, apice acuti vel subacuti, 1.5 cm. longi. Achaenia linearia, plana vel obcompresso- tetragona, atra, marginibus apiceque valde hispida pilis longis plerumque 2-4-adgregatis et saepe tuberculo minuto insidentibus, corpore 8-13 mm. longa, demum paleas multo superantia, biaristata; aristis tenuibus, supra retrorsum hamosis sed basim versus antror- sum hamosis, 3.5-5 mm. longis, plerumque patentissimis. Type specimen: Collected by Karl Friedrich Philipp Von Martins, in Brazil, communic. anno 1827 (Tur.). Distribution: Peru (where very rare) and Bolivia eastward to states of Goyaz, Minas Geraes, and Parana, Brazil; recently col- lected (Solis 460) in Costa Rica. Specimens examined: Miguel Bang 2152 pro parte, Coripati, Yungas, Bolivia, April 25, 1894 (type ofBidens pallida Rusby, N.Y.: cotypes, Boiss. ; Brit. ; Cop. ; Del. ; Gray; Kew; Mo. ; N.Y. ; Phila., etc.) ; P. Claussen, Minas Geraes, Brazil (Del., 5 sheets; Kew; Mus. V., 3 sheets; N.Y., forma foliis indivisis; Par., 8 sheets); idem 8, in shade, Cachoeira (Caxoeira) do Campo, Minas Geraes, Brazil, April, 1839 (Del.); idem (similiter) 8, Minas Geraes, Brazil, 1841 (Par.); idem 105, eodem loco, 1840 (Berl.; Boiss.; forma foliis indivisis); P. Dusen 4123, along stream in woods, Lago, Parana, Brazil, March- July, 1904 (Brit.; U.V.); idem 9817, margins of small forests, Porta Grossa, Parana, Brazil, March 31, 1910 (U.S.); idem 16866, alt. 740 meters, edge of forest, Jaguariahyva, Brazil, March 24, 1915 (Berl., 2 sheets; Mo.; U .S.) ; George Gardner 509, Organ Mts., Brazil (Kew; forma subtomentosa) ; idem 510, Serra dos Orgaos, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, February, 1837 (a Gardnero loc. cit. pro var. tomentosa sed non nominata habita: Berl.; Brit., 3 sheets; Del.; Flor.; Kew; Mus. V.; N.Y.; Par.); idem 511, in forests, alt. about 900 meters, eodem loco, February-May, 1837-1838 (type collection of Bidens speciosa Gardn.; Berl.; Brit., 2 sheets; Del.); A. Glaziou 2624, Petropolis, State of Rio de Janeiro, March 24, 1879 (Cop.; Par.); idem 12881, road from the Iron Mine, vicinity of Rio de Janeiro, April 24, 1881 (Berl.; Cop.; Kew; Par., 2 sheets; Petrop.); T. H. Gomer 1743, April 2, 1918 (Field); S. E. Henschen 193, Caldas, Minas Geraes, Brazil, April, 1868 (U.S.); F. C. Hoehne 2690, Pocos de 196 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Caldas, Minas Geraes, January 9, 1919 (Field) ; E. W. D. & Mary M. Holway 1407, Juiz de Fora, Minas Geraes, December 17, 1921 (U.S.); iidem 1713, alt. 1,100 meters, stem to 1 inch in diameter, climbing over trees to 30 feet and then hanging down, Pocos de Caldas, State of Sao Paulo (U.S.); Langsdorff, Minas Geraes, Brazil (Kew); Lund & Warming 603, Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes (Cop.); Martins, grassy stream banks above Serra do Mar (near Santos), Sao Paulo, Brazil, December (Mun.) ; idem, Brazil, 1827 (Kew) ; idem, Brazil, communic. 1827 (type, Tur.); idem 823, Brazil (Berl.; Del.; Kew; Mun., 2 sheets; Mus. V.; N.Y.; Par.); idem 1018, thickets and shady forests, Mainarde, Minas Geraes, Brazil, April (Mun.); MendonQa 1120, Tacarchy, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, April, 1888 (Berl.); idem 1254, Brazil (Berl.); Pohl 1624, Brazil (Mus. V.); A. Raimondi 7198, Chorillos, Prov. Contumaza, Dept. Cajamarca, Peru, 1875 (Berl.); A. F. Regnell 1-193, Caldas, Minas Geraes (Par., sub nom. Bidens multiserrata Schz. Bip.); idem (similiter) 1-193, eodem loco, April, 1865 (Cop., 2 sheets); idem (similiter) 1-193, eodem loco, April 15, 1867 (Berl.); Ludwig Riedel 138x, mountain forests, Serra dos Orgaos, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, April, 1823 (type collection, Bidens silvatica Schz. Bip.; Gray; Kew; Par.; Petrop.); idem 2122, shady forested places, Itu, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, March, 1834 (Petrop., 4 sheets); Riedel & Langsdorff 206, Brazil (Petrop.); A. Russell 218, State of Sao Paulo, December 15, 1897 (Field); H. Schenck 3398, Queluz, Minas Geraes, March 31, 1887 (Berl.); idem 3481, Congonhas do Campo, Minas Geraes, April 3, 1887 (Berl.); Schuch 1824, Brazil (Mus. V.); W. Schwacke 9317, Ouro Preto, Minas Geraes, April, 1893 (Berl.); Seemann 686, Loja, Ecuador, August (Kew); Sello 590, Brazil (Berl.); idem 1104, Brazil, 1819 (Berl., 2 sheets); idem 4548, Brazil (Berl.); idem 5670, Brazil (Berl.); L. B. Smith 2301, vicinity of Monte Serrat, Mt. Itatiaya, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, April 11, 1929 (Gray); F. Solis R. 460, alt. 1520 meters, forest margins, Hacienda Montecristo, Costa Rica, November 20, 1936 (Field); Jose Steinbach 5584, alt. 400 meters, orilla del bosque, Rio Surutu, Buena Vista, Prov. Sara, Dept. Santa Cruz, Bolivia, April 15, 1921 (Del.; Field); A. de St. Hilaire, Minas Geraes, 1816-1821 (Par.); idem 1190, eodem loco (Par., 3 sheets; forma tomentosa); idem 1199, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1816-1821 (Par., 4 sheets); E. Vie 2585, Brazil, April, 1892 (Hamb.); idem 3403, Brazil, April, 1894 (Hamb.); Eugene Warming, Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes, May 7, 1864 (Cop.; Gray; Par.); A. Weddell 2656, Goyaz, April, 1844 (Par.); Widgren, Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LII BIDENS SHREVEI Britt. OF HF lillNOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 197 Minas Geraes, 1845 (Cop.; Mun.; U.S.); idem 251, Caldas, Minas Geraes, March 27, 1846 (Berl.; Cop., 2 sheets; Flor.; Kew; Mun.; Par.; Petrop.; U.V.); idem 252, Minas Geraes, 1845 (Berl.). Varies widely in pubescence, leaf division, and leaf outline. The type material has leaves glabrate above. Gardner 510, by Gardner regarded as a variety (var. tomentosa in herb.) has smaller leaves and is tomentose. These extremes are connected, however, by various intermediate forms (e.g., Warming, Hb. N.Y.). The var. silvatica is merely a foliage state supposedly having undivided leaves. The Riedel specimen at Kew has one branch with all simple leaves and another branch, from the same stem, with all leaves simple except two lower ones. One of these has an additional lateral leaflet and the other has two lateral leaflets, being tripartite as in the species proper. Bidens multiserrata Schz. Bip. was a name given to Regnell's Ser. I, No. 193 (pro parte), collected at Caldas in the State of Minas Geraes. The type material from Schultz Bipontinus' herbarium (Par.) is clearly Bidens segetum Mart. Bidens segetum var. /3. patula (Gardn.) comb. nov. PI. LI. Bidens speciosa var. patula (Gardn.) 0. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 142. 1911. Bidens patula Gardn. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 7: 405. 1848. Bidens longipetiolata Rusby, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 131. 1912. Folia omnia simplicia, ovato-lanceolata, usque ad 5.5 cm. lata. Type specimen: Collected by George Gardner, No. 4254, bushy banks of the Rio San Bernardo, near San Bernardo, Goyaz, Brazil, May, 1840 (Kew). Distribution: Colombia, where approaching Bidens Rubifolia H.B.K., to State of Goyaz in Brazil, and to Bolivia and Peru. Represented (somewhat doubtfully) in Costa Rica by very scanty material. 1 Specimens examined: Miguel Bang 2152 pro parte, Coripati, Yungas, Bolivia, April 25, 1894 (Carn. ; foliis simplicibus, lanceolato- ovatis, petiolis 1.5-2 cm. longis); Gardner 4254 (type, Kew: cotypes, Berl.; Del., 2 sheets; Flor.; Kew, 3 sheets; N.Y.); Const. de Jelski 628, 749, 750, and 751, Callacate, Peru, May, 1879 (Berl.); E. P. Kittip & A. C. Smith 20871, alt. 1,000-1,300 meters, 1 Regarding its presence in Costa Rica, see under B. squarrosa H.B.K. 198 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI between Chinacota and La Esmeralda, Dept. Norte de Santander, Colombia, March 19, 1927 (U.S.);Lwwd 644, loco ignoto, December 31, 1863 (Cop.); 1 A. Raimondi 3906, Callacate, Dept. Cajamarca, Peru, May, 1879 (Berl.); A. Weberbauer 3857, alt. 2,000-2,400 meters, below San Pablo, Prov. and Dept. Cajamarca, Peru, April 29, 1904 (Berl.); R. S. Williams 194, alt. 1,140 meters, Michariapo, Bolivia, April 9, 1902 (B. longipetiolata Rusby, type, N.Y. : cotype, Brit.). The var. patula would seem at first from a study of merely the type specimens (Gardner 4254) to be specifically distinct, as thought by Gardner. But an examination of technical characters in various herbaria convinces me of the soundness of O. E. Schulz's policy in treating it as merely a variety of B. segetum. In fact, with the accumulation of more herbarium specimens in the future, even the varietal distinctions will perhaps be found so fluctuating that maintenance of the var. patula will be considered inadvisable. In this connection may be noted the specimens of Miguel Bang 2152. Most of these are referable to B. segetum proper, but the one at the Carnegie Museum has the leaves all simple, lance-ovate, and the petioles 1.5-2 cm. long, thus placing it with the var. patula. The leaves vary in petiolar length, and it appears that B. longi- petiolata Rusby, a species described from specimens lacking mature achenes, is merely a form of var. patula with especially long petioles (up to 4.5 cm.). Through the var. patula, B. segetum doubtless passes into the related species, B. squarrosa H.B.K. (cf. p. 186 and p. 184, footnote 1). Through the Goudot specimens, it approaches Bidens Rubifolia H.B.K. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIX Bidens segetum: a, flowering branch, X0.57; b, portion of leaflet, lower surface, showing characteristic venation, X0.57; c, exterior involucral bract, X2.28; d, interiot involucral bract, X2.28; e, ray floret, X2.28; /, palea, X2.28; g, disc floret, X2.28; h, portion of mature achene, X2.86; a-g, from Gardner 511, mainly in Hb. N.Y.; h, from P. Claussen, Minas Geraes, Brazil, in Hb. Mus. V. EXPLANATION OF PLATE L Bidens segetum: a, flowering branch, X0.61; b, exterior involucral bract, X3.05; c, interior involucral bract, X3.05; d, ray corolla, 1 Here may be mentioned the interesting plant, Scherzer 853, referred to under B. squarrosa as coming from Costa Rica (alt. 2,730 meters, San Jose; Mus. V.), which appears closer to B. segetum (var. patula) than to B. squarrosa. THE GENUS BIDENS 199 X2.44; e, palea, X3.05; /, disc floret, X3.05; all from Miguel Bang 2152 pro parte (type and various cotypes of Bidens pallida Rusby). EXPLANATION OF PLATE LI Bidens segetum var. patula: a, fruiting specimen, X0.68; 6, one of larger cauline leaves, X0.68; c, k, portions of leaf, lower surface, showing pubescence, X3.4; d, I, exterior involucral bracts, X4.08; e, m, interior involucral bracts, X4.08; /, ray corolla, X4.08; g, n, paleae, X4.08; h, o, disc florets, X4.08; i, achene, X4.08; j, flowering branch, X0.68; a-t, from cotype, in Hb. Gray; j-o, from Williams 194 (type of Bidens longipetiolata Rusby), in Hb. N.Y. 72. Bidens Shrevei Britton, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 37: 359. 1910. PL LIT. Herba perennis, fruticosa, scandens, glabra; caule tetragono, saepe etiam 5-6.5 m. longo, ramoso; ramis tenuibus, acriter tetra- gonis, conspicue subnigro-striatis, 3-6 dm. longis. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis 1.5-3.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 5-11 cm. longa, saepe recurvata, simplicia, ovata vel oblongo-lanceolata, apice acuminata vel tantum subacuta et basi plerumque subtruncata, serrata, non ciliata, membranacea, sicca subbrunneo-viridia venis brunneis. Capitula non numerosa, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 3-5 cm. lata et 1.2-1.5 cm. alta, pedunculata pedunculis saepius nudis, 2-6 cm. longis. Involucri basis parce hispida ; bracteis exterio- ribus 7-9, late linearibus vel lineari-spathulatis, fere foliaceis, apice acutis pubescentibusque, margine paucis pilis raro ciliatis, 6-9 mm. longis, squarroso-reflexis plerumque fere a primo, interioribus subaequalibus. Flores ligulati 6-8, flavidi, ligula elliptici, apice obtusiusculi, 1.5-2 cm. longi. Achaenia linearia, obcompresso- tetragona, ad latera et saepe ad costas medias pilis saepe 2-4- adgregatis et plerumque tuberculo insidentibus erecto-patentibus obsita, nigrescentia, corpore 1-2.2 cm. longa, interiora demum paleis multo longiora, biaristata; aristis tenuibus, brunneo-flavidis, fere ad basim retrorsum hamosis, divaricatis, 4-5 mm. longis, hamis raro caducis. Type specimen: Collected by Forrest Shreve on banks at higher altitudes in the Blue Mountains, Cinchona, Jamaica, November, 1905 (N.Y.). Distribution: Jamaica, also in Colombia. Specimens examined: N. L. Britton & A. Rollick 1792, rocky bank below Hardware Gap, vicinity of New Castle, Jamaica, March 1, 1908 (N.Y.); W. Fawcett 8221a, near Cinchona, Jamaica, Novem- 200 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI her 27, 1905 (Field; Kew); W. Harris 6735, alt. 1,515 meters, St. Catherine's Peak, Jamaica, 1896 (Brit.); A. S. Hitchcock, Blue Mountain Peak, Jamaica, December 12, 1890 (Mo.); D. Morris, alt. up to 1,800 meters, Jamaica, February, 1884 (Kew); C. R. Orcutt 7054, Arntully, Jamaica, November 22, 1928 (Stanf.); H. H. Rusby & F. W. Pennell 647, alt. 2,000-2,500 meters, Cordillera Oriental, east of Neiva, Dept. Huila, Colombia, August 1-8, 1917 (Field; Mo.; N.Y.; U.S.); Roger Shakespear, Jamaica, 1777 (Brit.); Shreve, Cinchona, Jamaica, November, 1905 (type, N.Y.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE LII Bidens Shrevei: a, flowering branch, X0.6; 6, a leaf with oblong shape, X0.6; c, exterior involucral bract, X3; d, interior involucral bract, X3; e, ray corolla, X3; /, palea, X3; g, disc floret, X3; h, anthers, X15; i, pollen grain, X700; j, upper portion of pistil, Xlo; k, achene, X3; 6, from Fawcett 8221a, in Hb. Field; rest from type. 73. Bidens Holwayi Blake & Sherff ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 64: 39. 1917. PI. LIII. Herba scandens; caule demum 20-30 m. longo, adscendente (ex Holwayo) in altitudinem 12-15 m.; ramis tetragonis, glabris, striatis. Folia petiolata petiolis 1.5-4 cm. longis basi connatis et hispido-ciliatis, petiolo adjecto 6-18 cm. longa, tripartita vel summa indivisa, ciliata, supra non manifeste hispida (nisi ad venas), infra plus minusve piloso-hispida, serrata; foliolis lateralibus ovatis vel ovato-lanceolatis, terminali ovato-lanceolato vel lanceolate. Capi- tula magna, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 6 cm. lata, pedunculata pedunculis (in unico specimine observato) 12-13 cm. longis. Involu- crum ad basim dense piloso-tomentosum, bracteis exterioribus 8 vel 9, late linearibus, hispido-ciliatis, subsparsim hispidis, 9-15 mm. longis; interioribus saepe paulo brevioribus, anguste lanceolatis, ad faciem exteriorem piloso-tomentosis, marginibus diaphanis. Flores ligulati 5 vel interdum verisimiliter etiam 6 vel 7, ligula lineari- elliptici, flavi, 9-11-striati, 2.3-3 cm. longi, ad apicem irregulariter 2-4-lobulati. Achaenia linearia, subplana, atra, setis albidis sub- erectis ciliata, ad facies (praecipue ad costas medianas) sparsim his- pida, corpore 1.3 cm. longa, ad apicem nonnullis erectis setis coronata, biaristata; aristis 4-7 mm. longis, divaricatibus et retrorsum hamosis hamis tenuibus. Type specimen: Collected by Edward W. D. Holway, No. 816, Quezaltenango, Guatemala, January 31, 1917 (Gray). Distribution: Known only from type locality of Quezaltenango, southwestern Guatemala. THE GENUS BIDENS 201 Specimens examined : HolwaySlQ (type, Gray). A strange species of uncertain status. The leaves are not unlike those sometimes found on Bidens squarrosa. The tetragonal branches, the large heads (in anthesis about 6 cm. across), their very large involucral bracts, all stamp the species as being distinct from B. squarrosa. Apparently B. Rubifolia and B. segetum var. patula are much more closely related to B. Holwayi. Possibly one of them, par- ticularly B. segetum var. patula, may some day be shown, by means of various connecting or intermediate forms, to be conspecific with it. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIII Bidens Holwayi: a, branch in subfruiting stage, X0.56; b, exterior involucral bract, X2.8; c, interior involucral bract, X2.8; d, ray corolla, X2.8; e, palea, X2.8; /, disc floret, X2.8; g, achene, X2.8; all from type. 74. Bidens graveolens Mart. Isis 1824: 590. 1824. PI. LIV. Bidens venosa Gardn. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 7: 405. 1848. Bidens Regnellii Schz. Bip. Linnaea 22: 570. 1849 (nomen). Herba stricta, perennis, glaberrima, 8-12 dm. alta, caule tereti vel superne angulato, apicem versus ramoso, e basi tumida et lignea. Folia sessilia, suberecta, rigida, oblonga vel cuneato-oblanceolata, apice acuta vel interdum orbiculata, 5-9 cm. longa et 2-3 cm. lata, tripli- vel quintuplinervata, utrinque perspicue venosa, grosse ser- rata 7-12 dentibus in unico latere. Capitula terminalia, paniculata vel interdum subcorymbosa, longe pedunculata et breviter pedicel- lata pedicellis plerumque 3-11 mm. rarius usque ad 6 cm. longis, discoidea, ad anthesin 6-9 mm. lata et 9-14 mm. alta, floribus (fide Riedelii et Lundii) atrorubescentibus et sapore odoreque Crithmo maritimo similibus. Involucri (sicci rubro-brunnei) bracteae exteri- ores 4-6, lineares, crassiores, acriter calloso-apiculatae, glanduloso- rugosae, saepe pubescentes, nunc tantum circ. 5-6 mm. nunc etiam 8-10 mm. longae, interiores oblongae vel oblongo-lanceolatae, 8-13 mm. longae. Achaenia linearia, tetragona, glabra vel supra et ad apicem erecto-hispida, plumbeo-nigra (vel ad apicem straminea), corpore 1.1-1.5 cm. longa et 1.1-1.4 mm. lata, biaristata aristis erectis retrorsum scabris et 1-4 mm. longis vel rarius exaristata. Type specimen: Collected by Karl Friedrich Philipp Von Martins, on high, grassy plains, Diamantina, Minas Geraes, Brazil, March (1817-1820). l 1 Should be at Brussels (Bruss.; cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 81: 247, footnote 3. 1926). I have studied the authentic specimen at Munich (Mun.). 202 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Distribution: Central and eastern Brazil. Specimens examined : P. Claussen, Minas Geraes, January- April, 1840 (Brit.); G. Gardner 4257, fields between Arrayas and San Domingos, Goyaz, May, 1840 (type collection, Bidens venosa Gardn.: Berl.; Brit,, 2 sheets; Del., 2 sheets; Kew, 2 sheets; Mus. V.; N.Y.; Par.); A. Glaziou 18315, Morro do Pires, Minas Geraes, January, 1891 (Berl.; Cop.; Kew; Par.); idem 21588, Corrego do Brejo, Goyaz, December 6, 1894 (Berl.; Par., 2 sheets); Lund, in fields, Batataes and Franca, State of Sao Paulo (Cop.); idem, in fields, Caxoeira do Campo, February, 1835 (Cop.) ; Martins, high, grassy plains, Diaman- tina, Minas Geraes, March (cotype, Mun.); Pohl, Olio d'Agna (Mus. V.); idem 605, Brazil (Berl.; Kew, 2 sheets); idem 4382, Brazil (Mus. V.) ; A. F. Regnell II: 164, Caldas, Minas Geraes, February and December, 1847 (sub nom. Bidente Regnellii Schz. Bip.; Berl.; Par.); idem (similiter) II : 164, Batataes, Sao Paulo, February, 1849 (Stockh.) ; idem (similiter) II: 164, Caldas, April 18, 1867 (Stockh., 3 sheets); Riedel & Lund, Brazil (Kew, 2 sheets; Par.); iidem 2326, grassy fields, Batataes and Franca and elsewhere between the Rio Pardo and the Rio Grande, Sao Paulo, May-June, 1834 (Petrop., 4 sheets) ; A. de Saint Hilaire 1200, Minas Geraes, 1816 (Par., 2 sheets); Eugene Warming, Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes, February- April, 1864 (Cop.); idem, Lagoa Santa, March 7, 1865 (Cop.; N.Y.; Par.); idem 637, Lagoa Santa, March, 1866 (Cop.); Widgren, Caldas, Minas Geraes, February 17, 1846 (Stockh.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIV Bidens graveolens: a (lower), b (upper), portions of flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.67; c, exterior involucral bract, X2.68; d, interior involucral bract, X2.68; e, palea, X2.68; /, disc floret, X4; g, achene, X2.68; h, achene, X2; all from Gardner 4257 (cotype of Bidens venosa Gardn.), in Hb. Kew. 75. Bidens fistulosa Schz. Bip. ex Baker in Mart. Fl. Bras. 6, pt. 3: 247. 1884. PI. LV. Perennis, herbacea, glaberrima, 9-15 dm. alta; caule simplici, e radice crassiuscula lignosaque, tereti, abunde et perspicue striato, cavo (sed medulla plus minusve abundante), internodiis medianis longissimis (1.5-4.3 dm.) et perspicuis; ramis paucis, elongatis, sub- nudis, suberectis. Folia sessilia, 3-4 juga, non serrata, adscendentia, non ciliata, firmula, venis inter se paribus intervallis distantibus; inferiora indivisa, squamis non valde dissimilia, breviter lineari- oblonga, obtusa, 8 mm. longa et 3 mm. lata; principalia indivisa THE GENUS BIDENS 203 vel interdum 2- vel 3-partita, usque ad 3.5 cm. longa, lamina seg- mentisve anguste linearibus, 0.2-1 mm. latis. Capitula 4-6, laxe corymbosa in pedunculis ramos superiores terminantibus et usque ad 1 dm. longis, ut videtur discoidea, disco demum (achaeniis non inclusis) 1.4 cm. lato et 8 mm. alto. Involucrum glabrum vel minutissime pubescens; bracteis exterioribus circ. 8, linearibus, 4-5 mm. longis; interioribus lanceolatis, 5-7 mm. longis. Achaenia matura linearia, obcompresso-tetragona vel subplana, brunneo-atra, omnino circ. 16-sulcata, glabra, corpore 15-17 mm. longa, biaristata; aristis erecto-patentibus, subulatis, levibus, 1.5-2.5 mm. longis, ut videtur saepe caducis. Type specimen: Collected by Ludwig Riedel, No. 506, in fields at Rio Pardo, Brazil, September, 1826 (Par.). Distribution: Southeastern Brazil. Specimens examined: Riedel 506 (type, Par.: cotypes, Kew; Petrop., 2 sheets); H.A.Weddell 2996, Goyaz to Cuyaba, Novem- ber-December, 1844 (Par., 3 sheets). With its remarkably long cauline internodes, these reaching a length even of 43 cm., its numerous regular cauline striations, its abbreviated, linear, parallel-veined leaves, etc., Bidens fistulosa occupies a unique position in the genus and is closely approached by no other known species. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LV Bidens fistulosa: a (lower), b (upper), portions of flowering and fruiting plant, X0.68; c, exterior involucral bract, X4.06; d, interior involucral bract, X4.06; e, palea, X3.38; /, g, disc florets, X3.38; h (shortest outer), i (longest inner), achenes, X2.7; all from Weddell 2996, in Hb. Par. 76. Bidens Bidentoides (Nutt.) Britt. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 20: 281. 1893. PI. LVI. Diodonta Bidentoides Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. 2. 7: 361. 1841. Coreopsis Bidentoides (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 2: 339. 1842. Diatonta Bidentoides Nutt. ex Walp. Repert. 2: 615. 1843 (sphalm). Flores tubulosi glabri, achaeniis corpore 6.5-13 mm. longis et circ. 0.7-1 mm. latis, aristis 6-9 mm. longis; foliis basi raro lobatis, dentibus raro divaricatis B. Bidentoides sensu stricto. Flores tubulosi inferne sparsim pilosi, achaeniis corpore 6-10 mm. longis et 1-1.5 mm. latis; folia basi saepe lobatis, dentibus acri- bus saepe divaricatis var. /3. mariana. 204 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Herba annua, erecta, glabra; caule paniculato-ramoso, pur- purascenti, 2-8 dm. alto. Folia ad basim in petioles tenues 1-3.5 cm. longos attenuata, petiolo adjecto 0.5-1.8 dm. longa, membra- nacea, indivisa vel raro 1-2-lobata, lanceolata, ad apicem longe acuminata, serrata. Capitula erecta, plerumque discoidea, demum late turbinata, disco usque ad 1.5-2 cm. longo et 1.3-1.7 cm. lato. Involucrum glabrum, bracteis exterioribus 4 vel 5, foliaceis, lineari- spathulatis, inaequalibus, 1.5-4.5 cm. longis; interioribus lanceolatis, valde membranaceis, apicem versus saepe etiam pseudo-petaloideis, discum subaequantibus. Flores ligulati saepius deficientes; tubulosi 4-lobati, omnino glabri. Achaenia anguste lineari-cuneata, adpresso- hispida, corpore 6.5-13 mm. longa et usque ad 1 mm. lata,apicebiaris- tata aristis tenuibus antrorsum hispidis et etiam 6-9 mm. longis, vel saepe duabus aliis abortivis aristis imperfecte quadriaristata. . Type specimen: No type was cited by Nuttall. The original, dwarfed material described by him (Brit.) was thought to have come from the vicinity of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A sheet of better developed material (Phila.), however, was, for a certainty, collected by Nuttall at Philadelphia and is labeled in Nuttall's own handwriting. Distribution: About mouth of Susquehanna River, Maryland; also ascending Delaware River to Tinicum, Pennsylvania, and Maurice River to Millville, New Jersey. Specimens examined: E. B. Bartram 1295, Delaware River shore, Morrisville, Pennsylvania, October 9, 1910 (Gray; Phila.); C. A. Boice, on ballast, Camden, New Jersey, October 2, 1879 (Phila., 2 sheets); W. H. Canby, near Wilmington, Delaware (Field; forma radiis parvis); idem, Delaware River shores, Wilmington, October, 1865 (Field; Kew); A. Commons, tidal banks of Delaware River, Wil- mington, October 3, 1866 (Field); idem, eodem loco, August 31, 1899 (Phila.); N. C. Fassett 257, tidal shores of Hudson River, Glenmont, Bethlehem, New York, Sept. 18, 1922 (Gray); Albrecht John, Delair, New Jersey, September 26, 1897 (Phila.); idem, below Washington Park, New Jersey, September 14, 1895 (Phila. ); Bayard Long, river shore, Delair, New Jersey, September 30, 1907 (Phila.); idem, muddy shore of Maurice River, Millville, New Jersey, October 7, 1909 (Gray; Phila.); Alex. MacElwee 1992, muddy shores of Delaware River, West Deptford, New Jersey, September 20, 1900 (Phila., 2 sheets); I. C. Martindale, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1870 (Phila.); idem, Camden, New Jersey, September, 1879 (Field); H. B. Meredith, Delaware River shore, Taylor, New Jersey, October Field Museum of Natural History Botany. Vol. XVI, Plate LIII BIDENS HOLWAYI Blake & Sherff THE GENUS BIDENS 205 3, 1923 (Phila.); Thomas Nuttall (type material: Brit.; Phila.); T. C. Palmer, tidal banks of Delaware River, Chester, Pennsylvania, September 9, 1896 (Gray) ; C. F. Parker, shores of Delaware River, Camden, New Jersey, September 25, 1867 (Field) ; idem, eodem loco, September 21, 1874 (Field; Kew; Mo.); A. H. Smith, Tinicum, Pennsylvania, October, 1866 (Phila.); idem, tidal marsh, eodem loco, September 23, 1867 (Field); idem, abundant, growing 3-4 ft. high along tidal marshes below Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Septem- ber 24, 1867 (U.S.); idem 59 p.p., tidal mud, Tinicum, Pennsylvania, October 6, 1866 (Phila.); Witmer Stone, shores of Delaware River, Fish House, New Jersey, September 18, 1908 (Phila.); H. K. Svenson, tidal shores of Hudson River, Rensselaer, New York, October 15, 1922 (Gray, 2 sheets); W. Trimble, vicinity of Bridge- port, New Jersey, October 1, 1883 (Phila.) ; C. S. Williamson, shores of Delaware River, Bordentown, New Jersey, September 11, 1904 (Phila.); T. A. Williamson, Camden, New Jersey, September, 1897 (Gray). Nuttall (loc. cit.) classed the five United States species, Bidens coronata, B. mitis, B. aristosa, B. polylepis, and B. Bidentoides under his new genus Diodonta. For B. polylepis (B. involucrata [Nutt.] Britt.) he erected the separate subgeneric section Meduseae (in reference to its medusoid exterior involucres). For B. Bidentoides he erected the section Heterodonta. His doubts about the status of Heterodonta are shown by his use of an interrogation mark and further by his words (loc. cit.) "this section, or rather genus." In recent years, authors have been uniform in accepting Britton's reference of Nuttall's plant to the genus Bidens. The names Dio- donta and Heterodonta, in so far as they represented generic concepts, have been entirely abandoned. 1 Bidens Bidentoides var. /3. mariana (Blake) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 90: 394. 1930. Bidens mariana Blake, Rhodora 31 : 88, fig. 1 . 1929. Folia basim versus saepe profunde laciniato-lobata, marginibus acriter serrata dentibus interdum divaricatis, principalia petiolo adjecto 13-24 cm. longa. Flores tubulosi inferne sparsim pilosi. 1 By creating the name Diodonta, Nuttall sought to make a place between Coreopsis and Bidens for several species which, in the upward direction of the barbs or bristles on their achenial awns, were considered more closely allied to Coreopsis and yet, in general aspect, were seen to be closer to Bidens. We may note that Cassini's employment of the name Campylotheca for another group of intergradient species marked a similar attempt. In either case, it is doubtful if competent botanists in the future will ever again seek to segregate the inter- mediate forms under separate generic names (cf. pp. 17-23). 206 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Achaenia corpore 6-10 mm. longa et 1-1.5 mm. lata, plerumque 2- (raro usque ad 4-) aristata aristis 3-6 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Sidney F. Blake, No. 9698, on sandy shore of Northeast River, near Carpenter's Point, Charlestown, Maryland, September 17, 1926 (U.S.). Distribution: Maryland. Specimens examined: Blake 9698 (type, U.S.: cotypes, Field; Gray); idem 9703, sandy shore of Susquehanna River, Havre de Grace, September 17, 1926 (Field; Gray; U.S.); G. H. Shull 399, in vegetable refuse at mouth of drain of bog one-half mile south-south- west of Havre de Grace, September 20, 1902 (Gray; Mo.; N.Y.). In 1926, Dr. S. F. Blake submitted his specimens Nos. 9698 and 9703 to me for study. He had suspected them of representing a new species. Notwithstanding this, I felt compelled at that time to refer them to Bidens Bidentoides. Later, he published his B. mariana, based upon these and certain other plants. This naturally led to a careful investigation of the entire matter on my part. Especially did a survey of the closely related B. hyperborea and B. connata, together with their several varieties, prove helpful. In this way it was found at once that B. mariana differed from B. Bidentoides to about the same extent as, for example, B. connata var. fallax differed from B. connata var. typica. To recognize B. mariana as a species, therefore, would immediately (if consistency is to be sought) entail an elevation of numerous forms that Fassett, Fernald, Fernald and St. John, and other writers have regarded as varieties. It has seemed wiser to adopt the alternative course and reduce B. mariana to varietal rank. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LVI Bidens Bidentoides: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.62; b, exterior involucral bract, Xl.86; c, interior involucral bract, Xl.86; d, palea, Xl.86; e, disc floret, X3.72; /, achene, X3.1; a, from Shull 399, in Hb. Mo. ; &-/, from William M. Canby, Delaware River, above Wilmington, August 20, 1878, in Hb. Field. 77. Bidens Eatonii Fern. Rhodora 5: 92, pi. 45, figs. 11-13. 1903. PI. LVII, figs. a-f. Bidens Eatonii var. typica Fass. Rhodora 27: 143. 1925. a. Achaeniorum interiorum corpora 6.8-9 mm. longa; aristis 2, rariter 4. b. Capitula saltern juvenia anguste cylindrica. c. Aristae retrorsum hamosae . . . .B. Eatonii sensu stricto. Field Museum of Natural History Botany. Vol. XVI, Plate LIV b f BIDENS GRAVEOLENS Mart. THE GENUS BIDENS 207 c. Aristae antrorsum hamosae var. j3. fallax. b. Capitula late cylindrica vel etiam campanulata. c. Involucri bracteae interiores colore nunc jejune flavo nunc atro-brunneo striatae; foliis inferioribus saepe tripartitis. d. Aristae omnino retrorsum hamosae var. y. interstes. d. Aristae retrorsum atque antrorsum hamosae. e. Aristae 2.8-3.7 mm. longae var. d. illicita. e. Aristae 0.5-2 mm. longae var. e. mutabilis. c. Involucri bracteae interiores plerumque nitenti-striatae striis succinis vel purpureo-brunneis, aevo demum nitenti-nigres- centibus; foliis simplicibus var. f. simulans. a. Achaeniorum interiorum corpora 9-11 mm. longa, aristis saepius 4. b. Capitula plerumque cylindrica; foliis petiolatis petiolis 1-3 cm. longis, inferioribus saepe divisis var. 17. kennebecensis. b. Capitula subcylindrica vel latiora, etiam campanulata; foliis subsessilibus vel breviter lateque alato-petiolatis, non divisis. var. 6. major. Herba annua, erecta, glabra, simplex vel ramosa, 2.5-6 dm. alta. Folia basi in petiolos tenues vel alato-marginatos 1-3.5 cm. longos attenuata, petiolo adjecto 0.5-1.5 dm. longa, membranacea, indivisa vel saepe lobis lateralibus 1 vel 2 instructa, lanceolata, apice longe acuminata, serrata. Capitula erecta, discoidea, juvenia anguste cylindrica demum turbinato-cylindrica, disco 1.1-1.4 cm. alto et 0.8-1.1 cm. lato. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3-5, foliaceae, 1-2 (-3) cm. longae; interiores quam discus paulo breviores. Achaenia 8-25, plana, lineari-oblanceolata vel anguste cuneata, duabus facie- bus uninervata (ac saepe manifeste vel obscure striata) et sparsis- sime piloso-hispida, marginibus basaliter 1-paucis hamis antrorsum aliter plurime retrorsum hamosa, corpore exteriora 6-6.8 mm. interiora 6.8-9 mm. longa, omnia 1-1.7 mm. lata, apice 2-4-aristata aristis retrorsum hamosis et 2-4.3 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Alvah A. Eaton, brackish shores of Merrimac River, Newburyport, Massachusetts, September, 1902 (Gray?). Distribution: About mouth of Merrimac River, Massachusetts. Specimens examined: A. A. Eaton, shore of Merrimac River, below Newburyport, September 26, 1903 (N. Eng.); idem & M. L. Fernald, Salisbury, October 2, 1902 (Gray) ; iidem, brackish, muddy margin of Merrimac River, Newburyport, October 2, 1902 (Can.; 208 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI Gray, 5 sheets; N. Eng.); A. A. Eaton & B. L. Robinson, shores of Merrimac River at the "Laurels," Newburyport, September, 1903 (N.Y.). As with, for example, Bidens Bidentoides and some of the varieties of B. connata and B. hyperborea, geographic isolation and local con- ditions of the habitats appear to afford a potent stimulus for the in- ducement of distinct forms. The duplicate specimens sent out to various herbaria have not been in all cases sufficiently mature or distinctive to impart an adequate concept of the species or variety in question. At present the collections of B. Eatonii and varieties in Gray Herbarium, though scanty to be sure, are still more com- plete than found anywhere else. After a close study of these materials at Gray Herbarium, and having in mind the various considerations of endemism mentioned by Fassett (Rhodora 27 : 142. 1925) and other writers, I have deemed it wise to make the minimum of changes in their nomenclatural status. Occasionally in various parts of the genus Bidens, plants are found which have had the tops broken off or for some other reason have become especially ramose, often fastigiately so. The heads are usually much dwarfed and much more numerous in such cases. The technical characters are then usually somewhat abnormal. Bidens multiceps Fass. (Rhodora 27: 145. 1925), described as a hypothetical hybrid of B. connata X Eatonii, may represent such a case. 1 Three of the specimens cited by Fassett and examined by me (Johnston & Fassett 903 and 905, tidal shores of the Taunton River, Massachusetts, October 21, 1923, Gray; iidem 906, tidal shores, Three-mile River, Dighton, Massachusetts, October 21, 1923, N. Eng., type) appear to be merely abnormal growth forms of B. Eatonii. A collection by S. F. Blake, however, was made in the general type locality (Blake 10771, tidal shore of Three-mile River, North Dighton, Massachusetts, September 20, 1928, Gray), and this shows some plants of apparently natural growth forms that are atypic for B. Eatonii. But even here, there is one specimen of the teratological kind. Furthermore, an additional collection by Blake (10771A and B; Gray) shows plants too close to B. connata and its var. petiolata. 1 "B. connata X Eatonii (?), planta 2-6 dm. alta ramosissima super basem simplicem; foliis lanceolatis simplicibus 2-4 cm. longis integris vel cum dentibus utrinque 1-2 instructis; petiolis brevibus; capitulis multis late cylindratis, termi- nalibus 4-7 mm. altis 15-18-floris; bracteis exterioribus 1-1.5 cm. longis integris latioribus ad apicem obtusum; achaeniis exterioribus 4-7 mm. longis, planis, 2-4 aristis retrorso-barbatis; achaeniis interioribus 7-8 mm. longis, planis vel trigonis vel saepe in costis alatis, aristis 2-4 retrorso-barbatis." (Fass. loc. cit.) THE GENUS BIDENS 209 Bidens Eatonii var. /3. fallax Fern. Rhodora 5: 92, pi. 45, fig. 14- 1903. PI. LVII, fig. g. A specie differt achaeniorum aristis erecte barbatis. Type specimen: Collected by Alvah A. Eaton, brackish shore of Merrimac River, Newburyport, Massachusetts, September, 1902 (Gray). Distribution: About the mouth of the Merrimac River, Massa- chusetts. Specimens examined: A. A. Eaton, Moseley's, Newburyport (N. Eng.); idem, brackish shore of Merrimac River, Newburyport (type, Gray, 3 sheets) ; idem & M. L. Fernald, brackish, muddy bank of Merrimac River, Newburyport, October 2, 1902 (Gray; N. Eng., 2 sheets); iidem, brackish margins of pools near Merrimac River, Salisbury, October 2, 1902 (Gray); A. A. Eaton & B. L. Robinson, muddy shores of Merrimac River at the "Laurels," Newburyport, September, 1903 (N.Y.). Bidens Eatonii var. 7. interstes Pass. Rhodora 27: 143. 1925. Bidens heterodoxa var. interstes Fass. op. cit. 26: 178. 1924. Herba 1-8 dm. alta. Folia petiolata petiolis marginatis vel anguste alatis 1-5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 17 cm. longa et 4 cm. lata, lanceolata vel rarius anguste ovata, serrata, inferiora saepe profunde secta vel tripartita. Capitula campanulata, prin- cipalia 8-10 mm. alta et 8-12 mm. lata. Involucri bracteae exteriores 2-5, plerumque 3, suberectae, lineari-oblanceolatae, acutae; interio- res striis nunc debiliter flavis nunc atro-brunneis striatae. Achaenia plana vel costis medianis paulo carinata, exteriora corpore 5.5- 6.5 mm. interiora corpore 6.5-8 mm. longa, omnia marginaliter retrorsum vel ad basim antrorsum hamosa; aristis 2 vel rarius 4, retrorsum hamosis, marginalibus 1.5-4 mm. longis, intermediis multo brevioribus. Type specimen: Collected by Norman Carter Fassett, No. 852, rocky places on tidal shores of the Kennebec River, Gardiner, Maine, September 18, 1923 (Gray). Distribution: About estuaries, Maine. Specimens examined: N. C. Fassett 852 (type, Gray); idem 920, rocky places, tidal shores of Kennebec River, Gardiner, September 18, 1923 (Gray); idem 2101, Hatch's Corners, West Dresden, September 9, 1924 (Gray); idem 2120, estuary of Sheepscot River, Alna, September 12, 1924 (Field; Gray); idem 2122, tidal shores at mouth of Eastern River, Dresden, September 13, 1924 (Gray); 210 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI idem 2125, tidal shores of Kennebec River, Woolwich, September 18, 1924 (Gray); idem 2127, estuary of Kennebec River, South Gardiner, September 16, 1924 (Field; Gray); idem 2128, from type station, September 16, 1924 (Field; Gray). "The achenes are similar to those of var. typica, but a little broader in proportion to their length, while the heads are campanu- late instead of cylindric" (Fassett, op. cit. 27 : 143. 1925). The general aspect of the plants is very close to and in some cases identical with that of B. connata var. petiolata, compelling an examination of the achenes for certain identification. Bidens Eatonii var. d. illicita Blake, Rhodora 31 : 100. 1929. Capitula majora campanulata, circ. 30-32-flora. Achaenia exte- riora corpore 6-7 mm. longa et 2 mm. lata, 2-aristata; interiora corpore 6.8-7.5 mm. longa et 1.5-1.8 mm. lata, 2-3-aristata, pilis marginalibus omnibus antrorsis vel rariter perpaucis ad basim extremam retrorsis; aristis 2.8-3.7 mm. longis, hamosis (basi antror- sum, medio retrorsum vel utroque, apice antrorsum aut retrorsum). Type specimen: Collected by Sidney F.Blake, No. 10784A, tidal shore of Merrimac River, Amesbury, Massachusetts, September 22, 1928 (U.S.). Distribution: Known only from type locality in Massachusetts. Specimens examined : Blake 10784A (type, U.S.). Bidens Eatonii var. e. mutabilis Fass. Rhodora 27: 143. 1925. Herba habitu foliisque var. interstitem valde simulans. Achaenia exteriora corpore 5.5-6 mm. interiora corpore 7-7.5 mm. longa, aristis 2, retrorsum antrorsumque setosis, 0.5-2 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Norman Carter Fassett, No. 2116, tidal estuary shores of the Kennebec River, Cedar Grove, Maine, September 9, 1924 (Gray). Distribution: Known only from mouth of Kennebec River, Maine. Specimens examined: N. C. Fassett 2116 (type, Gray) ; idem 2123, estuary of Kennebec River, Dresden, September 16, 1924 (Field; Gray). Bidens Eatonii var. f. simulans Fass. Rhodora 27: 144. 1925. Habitu achaeniisque var. interstitem simulans. Folia lanceolata, simplicia. Involucri bracteae interiores plerumque nitenti-striatae striis succinis vel purpureo-brunneis, aevo demum nitenti-nigres- centibus. THE GENUS BIDENS 211 Type specimen: Collected by Richard W. Woodward, in brackish marsh, Old Lyme, Connecticut, October 1, 1915 (Gray). Distribution : About mouth of Connecticut River, Connecticut. Specimens examined: N. C. Fassett 2363, tidal shores of Con- necticut River, Essex, October 13, 1924 (Gray); idem 2364, tidal shores of Connecticut River, East Haddam, October 12, 1924 (Gray); R. W. Woodward, in brackish marsh (type, Gray); idem, hidden among tall grass and sedges in brackish marsh, Old Lyme, September 9, 1917 (Gray; N. Eng.); idem, eodem loco, September 29, 1917 (Gray, 2 sheets; N. Eng.) ; idem, sandy shore just above high water line, Old Lyme, September 2, 1918 (Gray; N. Eng.). A variety too close to var. interstes of Maine. The technical characters relied upon are of doubtful value. The floras of inter- mediate estuaries from Connecticut to Maine will perhaps yield overlapping and intergrading forms. Bidens Eatonii var. r\. kennebecensis Fern. Rhodora 19: 76. 1917. Folia petiolata petiolis 1-3 cm. longis, inferiora saepe divisa. Capitula plerumque cylindrica. Achaenia exteriora corpore 8.8-9.8 mm. interiora corpore 9.5-10.5 mm. longa. Type specimen : Collected by Merritt Lyndon Fernald and Bayard Long, No. 14822, tidal mud flats and swales by Cathance River, Bowdoinham, Maine, September 14-19, 1916 (Gray). Distribution: Maine to Massachusetts. Specimens examined: N. C. Fassett 140, tidal swales of Andros- coggin River, Brunswick, Maine, September 17, 1921 (N. Eng.); idem 2130, tidal shores of Eastern River, Dresden Mills, Maine, September 16, 1924 (Gray); idem 2300, tidal shores of Merrimac River, Amesbury, Massachusetts, October 16, 1924 (Gray); idem 2362, eodem loco et tempore (Gray) ; Fernald & Long 14822 (type, Gray) ; iidem 14823, tidal mud flats, Cathance River, Bowdoinham, Maine, September 14-19, 1916 (Field; Gray, 2 sheets; Kew; N. Eng.) ; iidem 14824, border of salt marsh, Back River Creek, Woolwich, Maine, September 15, 1916 (Field; Gray; N. Eng.; Phila.). Bidens Eatonii var. 8. major Fass. Rhodora 27: 144. 1925. Herba 4-15 dm. alta, caulibus inferne saepe prostratis nudisque. Folia breviter alato-petiolata vel ad basim angustata et subsessilia, simplicia, lanceolata, grosse serrata, 0.5-1.5 dm. longa. Capitula subcylindrica vel campanulata, principalia 1.3 cm. alta, floribus 18-20 (-33). Involucri bracteae exteriores plerumque 3, lineares, acutae, 1-2.5 cm. longae et 2-3 mm. latae. Achaenia exteriora 212 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI corpora 6-7.5 mm. longa, interdum 2- saepius 3-4-aristata; interiora corpore (8-) 9-11 mm. longa (costis ad apicem saepe crassis), inter- dum 2- saepius 4-aristata; aristis retrorsum hamosis, usque ad 5 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Norman Carter Fassett, No. 2301, tidal shores of the Quinnipiac River, North Haven, Connecticut, October 14, 1924 (Gray). Distribution : New York to Connecticut. Specimens examined : N. C. Fassett 2301 (type, Gray) ; idem 2302, tidal shores of the Quinnipiac River, North Haven, Connecticut, October 14, 1924 (Gray); idem 2365, tidal flats, eodem loco et tempore (N. Eng.) ; idem 2368, growing 1.5 meters tall, tidal shores, eodem loco et tempore (N. Eng.); H. K.Svenson, shores of Hudson River, near upper limits of tide, Hudson, New York, September 30, 1923 (Gray). EXPLANATION OF PLATE LVII Bidens Eatonii, figs, a-/: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.63; b, exterior involucral bract, X3.15; c, interior involucral bract, X3.15; d, palea, X 3. 15 ; e, disc floret, X 6.3 ; /, achene, X3.15; all from type material. Bidens Eatonii var. fallax, fig. g: achene, X3.15; from type. 78. Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britt. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 20: 281. 1893. PI. LVIII, fig. h. Coreopsis aristosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 140. 1803; Hook. f. in Curtis, Bot. Mag., pi. 6462. 1879. Coreopsis aristata Muhl. ex Willd. Sp. PL 3: 2253. 1804. Coreopsis aurea Lindl. Bot. Reg., pi. 1228. 1829 (nee alior.). Diodonta aristosa (Michx.) Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. 2. 7: 360. 1841. Diatonta aristosa (Michx.) Nutt. ex Walp. Repert. 2: 615. 1843 (sphalm). Achaenia exaristata var. 0. mutica. Achaenia perspicue aristata. Aristae antrorsum setosae B. aristosa sensu stricto. Aristae retrorsum hamosae var. 7. Fritcheyi. Herba annua vel biennis, glabrata vel parce pubescens, 0.3-1 (vel etiam -1.5) m. alta, caule purpurascenti, subtetragono, ramoso. Folia petiolata petiolis 1-1.5 (-3) cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 0.5- 1.5 cm. longa, pinnata vel bipinnata, segmentis lanceolatis vel Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LV b f BIDENS FISTULOSA Schz. Bip. ex Baker THE GENUS BIDENS 213 lineari-lanceolatis, acuminatis, inciso-serratis vel pinnatifidis, mem- branaceis, ciliatis, subtus parce pubescentibus. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin 2-5 cm. lata et 7-9 mm. alta. Involucrum saepe hispidum, bracteis subaequalibus; exterioribus 8-10, linearibus, mine parce mine valde ciliatis, 0.5-1.2 cm. longis. Flores ligulati 6-10, aurei, ligula oblongo-oblanceolati, apice obtuso integri sub- denticulative, 1-2.5 cm. longi. Achaenia plana vel subplana, sub- nigra vel flavidulo-nigra, apice bi- (rarissime quadri-) aristata aristis corpus aequantibus et erecto-setosis, margine suberecte aciculato- ciliata; interiora anguste cuneata vel obovato-cuneata, faciebus strigosa, 5-6.5 mm. longa; exteriora obovata, strigosa, saepe rugoso- tuberculata, margine plemmque interrupte crassiusculo-alata, inte- riora parce aequantia. Type specimen: Collected by Andre Michaux in the general region of Illinois (Par.?; perhaps not seen by me). Distribution: Maine to Minnesota, southward to Virginia, northern Alabama, central Mississippi, and southeastern Texas. Probably only adventive in eastern part of range. Specimens examined: S. M. Bain 422 p.p., low fields, Jackson, Tennessee, September, 1892 (N.Y.); B. F. Bush 67, Dunklin County, Missouri, September 17, 1893 (Gray) ; idem 3659, swamps, Williams- ville, Missouri, October 14, 1905 (Mo.); idem 5175 pro parte, Webb City, Missouri, September 25, 1908 (N. Y. ; in Hb. Gray hie numerus B. polylepis var. retrorsa Sherff est) ; idem 8249, sandy fields, Courtney, Missouri, October 6, 1917 (Mo.); A. Commons, abundant in Cherry Isl. Marsh, Wilmington, Delaware, September, 1899 (N.Y.); John Davis 1319 pro parte, woods, Oakwood, Missouri, October 4, 1911 (Mo., cum var. mutica commixta); idem 3446, bottoms, Pike Co., Illinois, September 16, 1914 (Mo.); idem 3911, damp soil, Oak- wood, Missouri, September 13, 1913 (Mo.); idem 6119 p.p., West Hannibal, Missouri, September 4, 1915 (Mo.) ; idem 6160 p.p., west of Oakwood, Missouri, Sept. 11, 1915 (Mo.) ;idem 6264 p.p. and 6276 p.p., Eolia, Missouri, August 30, 1915 (Mo.); idem 6346, fields, Oakwood, Missouri, November 12, 1915 (Mo.); C. C. Deam 10157, northwest of Hovey Lake, Posey Co., Indiana, September 20, 1911 (Deam); idem 32932, southwest of Oaktown, Indiana, September 19, 1920 (Deam); idem 33031 pro parte, vicinity of Mt. Vernon, Indiana, September 25, 1920 (Phila.); idem 34865, roadside, east of Kouts, Porter Co., Indiana, September 15, 1921 (Deam); idem 37935 p.p., south of Terre Haute, Indiana, September 13, 1922 (Deam) ; F. W. Dewart 40, St. Louis, Missouri, September 8, 1892 (Mo.) ; H. Eggert, 214 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI wet places, eodem loco, September 6, 1877 (N.Y.); idem, swampy places, vicinity of Haverhill, Missouri, September 19, 1893 (Mo.); idem, low ground, vicinity of Batesville, Mississippi, September 16, 1896 (Mo.); George Engelmann, St. Louis, Missouri, August, 1847 (U.S.); N. M. Glatfelter, St. Louis Co., Missouri, September 19, 1897 (U.S.) ; Elihu Hall, sloughs, Athens, Illinois, September, 1864 (Par.); Mabel P. Hollister 94, in woods, southeast of Prescott, Arkansas, August 29, 1912 (U.S.); M.E. Jones, wet ground, Grinnell, Iowa, August, 1877 (N.Y.); 0. E. Lansing, Jr., 2640, prairie, Roby, Indiana, September 20, 1906 (Mus. V.); idem 3502 pro parte, north of Catlin, Illinois, September 24, 1912 (Field, cum var. Fritcheyi commixta) ; 0. S. Ledman, vacant lot, St. Louis, Missouri, September 12, 1916 (Mo.) ; F. T. Macfarland &W. A. Anderson, Jr., 275, roadside and fields, La Center, Kentucky, August 15, 1923 (Mo.); Charles Mohr, Cullman, Alabama, August 6, 1896 (Field; achaeniis imma- turis); E. J. Palmer 8928, open, sandy ground, Sicard, Ouachita Parish, Louisiana, October 13, 1915 (Mo.); Mrs. E. E. Rogers 259, Norwich, Connecticut, October 11, 1902 (Gray); E. E. Sherff 2032 pro parte, Chicago, Illinois, October 4, 1915 (Field); C. W. Short, wet prairies of Illinois, 1837 (N.Y.) ; J. D. Smith, low thickets, near Jackson, Mississippi, September 6, 1885 (Gray); E. S. Steele, near the water, Great Falls, Virginia, September 18, 1899 (U.S.); W. F. Thurrow, Hockley, Texas, 1890 (Field ; achaeniis immaturis) ; L. F. Ward, between Sherman and Texarkana, Texas, September 22, 1877 (U.S.); idem, Arcadia, Missouri, August 24, 1878 (U.S.); idem, near Chesapeake Junction, District of Columbia, September 10, 1905 (U.S.); John Wolf 73, Canton, Illinois, 1881 (U.S.). Bidens aristosa var. /3. mutica A. Gray ex Gattinger, Fl. Tenn. 172. 1901; cf. K. M. Wiegand in Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 1281. 1903; cf. (A. Gray) Gatting. ex Fernald, Rhodora 15: 78. 1913. PL LVIII, figs. a-0. Coreopsis aristosa var. mutica Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1, pt. 2: 295. 1884. Var. achaeniis exaristatis. Type specimen: No type was mentioned by Gray, but at Gray Herbarium there are two sheets of material equivalent to types. One has a plant at the left by Hale from Louisiana. This has the printed label of Torrey and Gray's Flora of North America, also the inscription by Asa Gray (in pencil), "C. aristosa exaristata!" At the right is a better specimen, rich in achenes. This has the printed label of "George Engelmann, M.D. St. Louis, Mo." with the written THE GENUS BIDENS 215 inscription (not in Gray's but doubtless in Engelmann's hand- writing), "Coreopsis aristata var. mutica St. Louis Sept. 1846." An official Synoptical Flora of North America label is on the sheet, stamping it as authoritative for Gray's variety. The second sheet is labeled (in Asa Gray's hand), "Coreopsis aristosa, var. mutica. St. Louis, Fritchey." It likewise has the official Synoptical Flora of North America label attached. Distribution: Massachusetts and Virginia westward to Illinois and Missouri. Probably only adventive in eastern part of range. Specimens examined: S. M. Bain 297, low fields, Henderson, Tennessee, August 29, 1892 (Gray) ; Florence Beckwith 71, Quincy, Illinois, September, 1917 (Field) ; B. F. Bush 7741, dry soil, Livonia, Missouri, September 21, 1915 (Mo.); idem 9305, Courtney, Missouri, October 17, 1920 (Mo.); W. M. Canby, marsh, Wilmington, Dela- ware, September 5, 1900 (Carn.); J. J. Carter, shore of Safe Harbor, York Co., Pennsylvania, September 14, 1906 (Phila.); idem, Norfolk, Virginia, September 6, 1907 (Phila.); John Davis, meadows, Fall Creek, Adams Co., Illinois, September 16, 1914 (Del., 2 sheets); idem 24, roadsides, Oakwood, Missouri, September 13, 1913 (Mo., 2 sheets); idem 55, roadsides, Aberdeen, Missouri, September 29, 1912 (Mo.); idem 245, Eolia, Missouri, June 26, 1916 (Field); idem 1319 p.p., Oakwood, Missouri, October 4, 1911 (Mo.); idem 1348, meadows, eodem loco, September 4, 1915 (Mo.); idem 3293, rich banks, Hannibal, Missouri, September 7, 1916 (Mo.); idem 3431, bottoms, Bear Creek, eodem loco, September 18, 1914 (Mo., 2 sheets) ; idem 3433, roadsides, Eolia, Missouri, September 20, 1914 (Mo., 2 sheets); idem 3741, bottoms, Shepherd, Illinois, September 16, 1914 (Mo.) ; idem 3806, rich soil, bluffs of Mississippi River, Hanni- bal, Missouri, September 7, 1916 (Mo.); idem 3814, railroad banks, Helton Station, Missouri, September 12, 1914 (Mo.); idem 6119 p.p., meadows, west of Hannibal, Missouri, September 4, 1915 (Mo.); idem 6160 p.p., meadows, Oakwood, Missouri, Sept. 11, 1915 (Mo.); idem 6218, fields and bottoms, Canton, Missouri, September 8, 1915 (Mo., 2 sheets); idem 6264 p.p. and 6276 p.p., fields and roadsides, Eolia, Missouri, August 30, 1915 (Mo.) ; idem 6345 p.p., bluffs, Helton Station, Missouri, Sept. 12, 1915 (Mo.); C. C. Deam 12482, east of Dana, Indiana, Sept. 29, 1912 (Deam); idem 26524, bank of old channel of Kankakee River at the Baum Ridge, Porter Co., Indiana, September 15, 1918 (Deam) ; idem 29826, northeast of Kouts, Porter Co., Indiana, September 13, 1919 (Deam); idem 33031 pro parte, vicinity of Mt. Vernon, Indiana, September 25, 1920 (Phila.); idem 216 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI 37928, south of Toronto, Indiana, September 12, 1922 (Beam); T. Drummond, St. Louis, Missouri, 1832 (Kew); idem 166, eodem loco (Kew); George Engelmann, vicinity of St. Louis, Missouri, September, 1846 (Gray; Mo.); idem, prairies and along fences, St. Louis, Missouri, August, 1847 (Berl.); J.Q. A.Fritchey, Bridgeton, Missouri, October 3, 1859 (Mo., 2 sheets) ; F. C. Gates 9953, Carthage, Illinois, September 5, 1916 (Field); idem 10041, Crooked Creek, Hancock Co., Illinois, September 10, 1916 (Field) ; C. B. Graves 259a, Windham, Connecticut, September 17, 1902 (Gray) ; J. M. Greenman, Jr., & M. T. Greenman 3712, Kirkwood, Missouri, September 7, 1913 (Mo.); E. J. Hill 107, wet ground, Chicago, Illinois, September 8, 1893 (Field); Holton, Illinois (Field); John Kellogg 146, Jerome, Missouri, September 15, 1913 (Mo., 2 sheets); H. B. Meredith, below Greenwich Point, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, September 7, 1921 (Phila.); H. N. Patterson, vicinity of Oquawka, Illinois, Sep- tember (Brit.; Carn.; Field; Kew, 2 sheets; N.Y.); A. S. Pease 3061, Soldiers' Field, Brighton, Massachusetts, October 6, 1903 (N. Eng.); S. F. Poole 118, Sharon, Massachusetts, September, 1905 (Gray); T. C. Porter, Tinicum, Pennsylvania, September 12, 1900 (Cam.); H. W. Pretz 1644, Lehigh River, Lehigh Co., Pennsyl- vania, September 13, 1908 (Phila.); A. N. Rood, Warren, Ohio, Sep- tember 11, 1911 (Gray); Eduard & Caecilie Seler 4081, St. Louis, Missouri, September 23, 1904 (Berl., 2 sheets) ; E. E. Sherff 2032 pro parte, ditch, Chicago, Illinois, October 4, 1915 (Field, 4 sheets); W. R. Taylor, Essington, Pennsylvania, August 15, 1914 (Phila.). The existence of a variety with awnless achenes was suspected by Torrey and Gray, who wrote, "If we mistake not, the achenia are sometimes awnless!" (Fl. N. Amer. 2: 340. 1843). Later, Gray (Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1, pt. 2: 295. 1884) definitely published the varietal name mutica for the plants with awnless achenes. In 1901, Gattinger (loc. cit.) listed the variety under Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britt., carelessly citing A. Gray as the author of the combination given, although Gray himself created the varietal name under a species of Coreopsis, not of Bidens. In 1913, Fernald (loc. cit.) dealt with this laxity in nomenclatural treatment and, with a view to establishing a more definite status for the variety, set it forth as "B. aristosa, var. mutica (Gray) Gattinger . . . ." It happens, however, that in 1903 Wiegand (loc. cit.), evidently unaware of Gattinger's treatment, published the combination "B. aristosa mutica (A. Gray) Wiegand." This, in turn, was overlooked by Fer- nald, but is clearly the alternative publication (rather than THE GENUS BIDENS 217 Fernald's) that would have to be accepted by anyone disposed to attack the validity of Gattinger's treatment. 1 Bidens aristosa var. 7. Fritcheyi Fern. Rhodora 15: 78. 1913. PL LVIII, fig. i. Var. achaeniorum aristis retrorsum hamosis. Type specimen: Collected by John Quincy Adams Fritchey, St. Louis County, Missouri, October 3, 1859 (Gray). Distribution: Indiana and Kentucky to Illinois and Missouri; adventive in District of Columbia, Massachusetts, Maine, and perhaps elsewhere in the eastern United States. Specimens examined : S. M. Bain 422 p.p., low fields, Jackson, Ten- nessee, September, 1892 (N.Y.); Biltmore Herb. 2060a, damp soil, Hollow Rock, Tennessee, August 14, 1897 (Mo.); S. F. Blake 8644, waste ground along Speedway, East Potomac Park, Washington, District of Columbia, October 1, 1923 (Field); John Davis 6119 p.p., dry woods, Hannibal, Missouri, Sept. 4, 1915 (Mo.); idem 6345 p.p., open woods, Marion County, Missouri, September 12, 1914 (Mo.); C. C. Deam 12160, west of Shelburn, Indiana, August 24, 1912 (Deam); idem 38126, roadside ditch, southwest of New Marion, Indiana, September 23, 1922 (Deam) ; W. W. Eggleston 5211, Kut- tawa, Kentucky, September 27-October 9, 1909 (N.Y.); idem 5390, Stiles Station, Kentucky, October 6, 1909 (N.Y.); C. E. Faxon, made land, South Boston, Massachusetts, August, 1878 (Gray); M. L. Fernald, wool waste, North Berwick, Maine, August 25, 1897 (N. Eng.); G. H. French, Jackson Co., Illinois, September 4, 1878 (N.Y.); J. Q. A. Fritchey, St. Louis Co., Missouri, September 21, 1858 (Gray) and October 3, 1859 (type, Gray); H. A. Gleason, wet bottom lands, Herod, Illinois, August 23, 1902 (Deam); idem 41, Champaign, Illinois, September 29, 1898 (Gray); Elihu Hall, sloughs, Athens, Illinois, 1861 (Par.); idem, Athens, Illinois, Septem- ber, 1868 (Field; Gray); 0. E. Lansing, Jr., 3502 pro parte, north of Catlin, Illinois, September 24, 1912 (Field, cum specie ipsa com- mixta, 2 sheets) ; idem & E. E. Sherff 40, common in moist ground, near Athens, Illinois, August 25, 1916 (Gray) ; J. C. Parlin & M. L. Fernald 958, around wool waste, North Berwick, Maine, September 25, 1897 (N. Eng.); A. S. Pease 12392, railroad ditch, Champaign, Illinois, September 11, 1909 (Gray) ; Robert Ridgway, Olney, Illinois, 1 The name, according to established custom, must of course read B. aristosa var. mutica, followed either by "(Gray) Gray ex [or in] Gattinger" or, since Gray's name appears twice, by merely "Gray ex [or in] Gattinger." The second rendition accords with the style used in this monograph. 218 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI September 2, 1914 (Gray); idem 77, Fox Prairie, Olney, Illinois, September 11, 1917 (Field); idem 95, Sugar Creek Prairie, Richland County, Illinois, September 12, 1914 (Gray). EXPLANATION OF PLATE LVIII, FIGS. 0,-j Bidens aristosa, fig. h: from John Davis 1319, in Hb. Mo. Bidens aristosa var. mutica, figs, a-g: a, fruiting specimen, X0.63; b, exterior involucral bract, X3.16; c, interior involucral bract, X 3. 16 ; d, ray floret, Xl.26; e, palea, X3.16; /, disc floret, X3.16; g, achene, X3.16; all from Sherff 2027, in Hb. Field. Bidens aristosa var. Fritcheyi, fig. i: achenes, X3.16; both from type. 79. Bidens polylepis Blake, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 35: 78. 1922. PI. LVIII, figs. k-r. Coreopsis involucrata Nutt. Journ. Phila. Acad. 7: 74. 1834. Diodonta involucrata Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. n. ser. 7: 361. 1841. Diatonta involucrata Nutt. ex Walp. Repert. 2: 615. 1843 (sphalm). Bidens involucrata (Nutt.) Britt. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 20: 281. 1893; non Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, Bot. 1891: 49. 1891 (cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 160. 1923). Achaenia apice exaristata vel obscure bidentata dentibus erecto- hispidis B. polylepis sensu stricto. Achaenia biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis var. /3. retrorsa. Herba annua vel biennis, glabra, 0.3-1 m. alta; caule tetragono, ramoso. Folia petiolata petiolis usque ad 2.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 8-15 cm. longa, plerumque bipinnata, foliolis lanceolatis vel lineari-lanceolatis, acuminatis, acriter serratis, membranaceis, cili- atis. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin 2-5 cm. lata et 7-9 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores numerosae plerumque 15-20, saepius patentes vel reflexae, lineari-elongatae, perspicue hispido- ciliatae, dorso hispidae vel glabratae, 1-2.7 cm. longae, interiores lanceolatas manifeste superantes. Flores ligulati circ. 8, aurei, ligula oblongo-oblanceolati, apice integri vel obscure denticulati, 1-2.5 cm. longi. Achaenia plana, brunnea vel atro-brunnea, facie- bus tuberculato-setosa vel fere glabra, apice calva vel obscure bidentata dentibus erecto-hispidis, margine interrupte crassiusculo- alata et antrorsum ciliata, exteriora cuneato-obovata circ. 5.5-6.5 mm. longa, interiora cuneato-oblanceolata corpore circ. 6.5-7.5 mm. longa. THE GENUS BIDENS 219 Type specimen: Collected by Thomas Nuttall along the Salt River in Arkansas (Brit.). 1 Distribution: From western Illinois westward to Iowa, Kansas, Colorado, and Texas; adventive eastward to Pennsylvania and Maryland. Specimens examined: E. B. Bartram, Frazer, Pennsylvania, Sep- tember 12, 1909 (Phila.); John Bright, Potomac River, near Han- cock, Maryland, September 2, 1918 (Carn.) ; S. H. Burnham, Osa- watomie, Kansas, September 1, 1893 (Gray); B. F. Bush, Courtney, Missouri, September 27, 1893 (Berl.); idem 170A, low ground, Greene Co., Missouri, September 21, 1893 (Gray; Kew); Hem 1705, common on low ground, Jackson Co., Missouri, September 27, 1893 (U.S.); idem 319, abundant in wet prairie, Vinita, Oklahoma, September, 1894 (Mo.); idem 910, common on low ground, Sheffield, Missouri, September 6, 1896 (U.V.); idem 7767, bottoms, Sheffield, September 4, 1916 (Gray) ; W. M. Canby, high ground near Newport, Delaware, September 9, 1879 (Gray); idem, reclaimed marsh land, Wilmington, Delaware, September 25, 1899 (Gray); idem, Cherry Id. Marsh, Wilmington, September 5, 1900 (Gray; Phila.); 2 M.A. Carleton, Johnson Co., Kansas, August 25, 1892 (Mo.); idem, St. George, Kansas, September 8, 1892 (N.Y.); Albert Commons, Cherry Isl. Marsh, Wilmington, Delaware, September 8, 1898 (Phila.) and 1899 (Gray) ; 2 idem, abundant, eodem loco, September 16, 1899 (Phila.); Delzie Demaree 13675, moist creeks, 9 miles southeast of Monticello, Drew Co., Arkansas, September 4, 1936 (Field); T. Drummond, St. Louis, Missouri, 1833 (Del.); W. W. Eggleston 12071, Carthage, Missouri, October 1-3, 1915 (N.Y.; U.S.); A. Fendler 398, prairie hollows near 110 Creek, Kansas, September 20, 1847 (Mo.); idem 444, eodem loco et tempore (Brit.); T. J. & M. F. L. Fitzpatrick, common in waste places, Decatur Co., Iowa, September 16, 1899 (N.Y.); A. S. Hitchcock 734, wet soil, Pottawatomie Co., Kansas, 1896 (Par., 2 sheets); J. F. Joor, Jack- sonville, Texas, October 8, 1884 (Mo., 2 sheets); W. A. Kellerman, Manhattan, Kansas, September 2, 1886 (N.Y.; U.S.); ex herb. Thomas Nuttall, Salt River, Arkansas (type, Brit.); J. H. Oyster, Miami Co., Kansas, July, 1883 (Field) ; C. C. Parry 31, headwaters of Clear Creek and alpine ridges east of Middle Park, Colorado, 1861 1 Nuttall cited secondly the material by Dr. Zina Pitcher. The Pitcher speci- men is still extant (Phila.); also at least one duplicate of it (N.Y.). 2 Plantae Canbyi Commonsiique in hac palude lectae Bidenti aristosae bracteis exterioribus debiliter vel valde adpropinquant. Una planta (Commons, September 8-16, 1899; Hb. N.Y.) pro B. aristosa a N. L. Brittonio habita est. 220 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XVI (Gray) ; H. Patterson, Oquawka, Illinois, 1873 (Gray) ; Zina Pitcher, Arkansas (N.Y.; Phila.); M. P. Somes 3832, Des Moines, Iowa, Sep- tember 14, 1909 (N.Y.); P. C. Standley 8321, pasture, vicinity of Springfield, Missouri, August 28, 1911 (U.S.); idem 9049, open field, eodem loco, August 20, 1912 (U.S.); idem 9455, open field, vicinity of Straff ord, Missouri, August 27, 1912 (U.S.) ; G. W. Stevens 2430, woods near Ottawa, Oklahoma, August 27, 1913 (Gray) ; idem 2544, moist slough, in shade by Spring River, near Ottawa, August 29, 1913 (Gray); idem 2991^, waste place, Tulsa, Oklahoma, October 30, 1913 (Gray); W. C. Stevens, Lawrence, Kansas, August (U.S.); H. K. Svenson 482, old field, Eva, Tennessee, August 28, 1922 (Gray); William Trelease 640, Truhey Creek, Joplin, Missouri, October 7, 1897 (Mo.); S. S. Van Pelt, Narrowsville, Pennsylvania, September 9, 1904 (Phila.) ; Charles Wright, Texas (Par.; Gray). Daniels (Univ. Missouri Studies, Sci. Ser. 1: 378 [reprint 236]. 1907) lists a supposed hybrid of this species with Bidens comosa. Such a hybrid is unknown to me. Bidens polylepis var. ft. retrorsa Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 80: 386.